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Code : STM#520-1

Distribution. ED01. English. Code : STM#520-1. OfficeServ7400 Router Operation. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Objectives. After successful completion of the course the trainees should be able to execute the following activities. Contents. Layer 3 Routing Overview. Routing Configuration.

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Code : STM#520-1

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  1. Distribution ED01 English Code : STM#520-1 OfficeServ7400 Router Operation Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.

  2. Objectives • After successful completion of the course the trainees should be able to execute the following activities.

  3. Contents Layer 3 Routing Overview Routing Configuration

  4. Layer 3 Routing Overview

  5. Overview • Introduction • Static routing is fine if the network is small, there is a single connection point to other networks, and there are no redundant routes. If any of these conditions is false, dynamic routing is normally used. • Look at the dynamic routing protocols used by routers to communicate with each other.

  6. EGP AS AS IGP IGP IGP and EGP • IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) • Routing protocol to communicate between the routers in each AS. • RIP (Routing Information Protocol) • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) • EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) • Routing protocols that are used between the routers in different ASs. • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

  7. IGP and EGP • Popular routing protocols

  8. Autonomous systems Interior routing Exterior routing

  9. Routing information • Example • R : How the route was learned (RIP) • 172.16.8.0 : Destination logical network or subnet • 120 : Administrative distance • /2 : Metric Value • 00:00:23 : Age of entry • eth0 : Outgoing interface • Metric • If there are multiple paths within the AS from a router to a network, the router selects the path with the smallest hop count. • RIP : Hop Counts • OSPF : Bandwidth, Cost, …. R 172.16.8.0 [120/2] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, eth0

  10. Routing information • Administrative distance

  11. Static Route (example) 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 s0 e0 B C 130.140.1.1/24 130.140.1.2/24 130.120.1.1/24 e0 e0 D 130.150.1.1/24 e0 A e1 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 E Router B ip route 130.100.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.120.1.1 • ip route 130.140.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2 • ip route 130.150.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2

  12. RIP • Use UDP datagram • UDP datagram Format • Metric: Hop Counts • Hop Count’s limit : 15 20 bytes 8 bytes

  13. RIP • is based on distance vector routing, which uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm for calculating the routing tables. • Distance Vector Routing • each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire internet with neighbors • the operational principles of this algorithm • Sharing knowledge about the entire autonomous system • Sharing only with neighbors • Sharing at regular intervals (ex, every 30 seconds) Distance Vector Routing Table

  14. RIP • RIPv1 message format • Command : request (1) or response (2) • Version of RIPv1 : 1 • Address : destination network address • Distance : defining the hop count from the advertising router • to the destination network

  15. RIP • RIPv2 message format command(1-6) Version(2) routing domain address family(2) Routing tag 32-bit IP address 20bytes 32-bit subnet mask 32-bit next-hop IP address metric(1-16) (up to 24 more roues, with same format as previous 20 bytes) Route Tag :carrying information such as the autonomous system number Subnet mask : carrying the subnet mask Next-hop address : showing the next hop

  16. RIP • Timers in RIP • Periodic timer : controlling the advertisements of regular update messages • Expiration timer : governing the validity of a route • The garbage collection timer : advertising the failure of a route • Periodic timer • Controlling the advertising of regular update messages • Using random number between 25 to 35 seconds

  17. RIP • Expiration timer • In normal situation, the new update for a route occurs every 30 seconds • But, if there is a problem on an Internet and no update is received within the allotted 180 seconds, the route is considered expired and the hop count of the route is set to 16. • Each router has its own expiration timer. • Garbage Collection Timer • When the information about a route becomes invalid, the router continues to advertise the route with a metric value of 16 and the garbage collection timer is set to 120 sec for that route • When the count reaches zero, the route is purged from the table.

  18. RIP • Timer Example • A routing table has 20 entries. It does not receive information about five routes for 200 seconds. How many timers are running at this time? • The timers are listed below: • Periodic timer: 1 • Expiration timer: 20 - 5 = 15 • Garbage collection timer: 5

  19. 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 RIPv1(Broadcast) 224.0.0.9 224.0.0.9 RIPv2(Multicast) RIP • Routing update

  20. RIP • Routing update

  21. RIP • RIP (Example) Router C router rip network 130.130.1.0/24 network 130.140.1.0/24 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 s0 e0 B C 130.140.1.1/24 130.140.1.2/24 130.120.1.1/24 e0 e0 D 130.150.1.1/24 e0 A e1 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 E Router A router rip network 130.100.1.0/24 network 130.120.1.0/24 Router B router rip network 130.120.1.0/24 network 130.130.1.0/24 Router D router rip network 130.140.1.0/24 network 130.150.1.0/24 Router E router rip network 130.150.1.0/24

  22. OSPF • Characteristics • In a distance-vector protocol, each router sends and receives the messages which contain a vector of distances. (hop counts) • In a link-state protocol, each router actively tests the status of its link to each of its neighbors, sends this info. to its other neighbors, which then propagate it throughout the AS. • From a practical perspective, the important difference is that a link-state protocol will always converge faster than a distance vector protocol. Backbone router Area border router Area 0 Internal router Area 1 Area n

  23. OSPF • Features that make OSPF superior to RIP • OSPF can calculate a separate set of routes for each IP type-of-service. • Each interface is assigned a dimensionless cost.(throughput, RTT, etc.) • Load balancing: When several equal-cost routes to a destination, OSPF distributes traffic equally among the routes. • OSPF supports subnets. • Point-to-point links bet’n routers do not need an IP addr. at each end. • A simple authentication scheme can be used. • OSPF uses multicasting instead of broadcasting.

  24. OSPF • RIP vs OSPF Function/Feature RIPv1 RIPv2 OSPF Standard number RFC 1058 RFC 1723 RFC 2178 Link-state protocol No No Yes Large range of metrics Hop count(16 = infinity) Hop count(16 = infinity) Yes, based on 1-65,535 Update policy Routing table every 30 seconds Routing table every 30 seconds When link state change Or every 30 minutes Update address Broadcast Broadcast, multicast multicast Dead interval 300 seconds total 300 seconds total Variable settings Supports authentication No Yes Yes Convergence time Media delay + Dead interval Variable(based on Number of routers * DI) Variable(based on Number of router * DI) Variable-length subnets NO Yes Yes Type of service(TOS) NO NO Yes Network diameter 15 hops 15 hops 65,355 possible

  25. OSPF • OSPF Message Format

  26. OSPF • Hierarchical Routing • Consists of areas and autonomous systems • Minimize routing update traffic Area 0 Area 1 Area 2 Autonomous System

  27. Area 0 Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 OSPF • The Backbone and Virtual Links • Backbone center of communication • Virtual link provide path to backbone • Avoid configuring virtual link if possible

  28. OSPF • Link-State DB & Advertisement • Link-State DB • represents the network topology • shared with OSPF routers in same area • LSA (Link-State Advertisement) • sourced by router connected to link • flooded by all other routers in area • transmitted at each link-state change LSA

  29. OSPF • Link-State Advertisement Operation LSA LSA LSA Is entry in topological database Y LSA received reset timer for entry flood LSA N add to database run SPF to caculate new table

  30. OSPF • Type of Link-State Packets external network ABR ASBR router summary OSPF routing table external AS O - OSPF derived intra-area (router) IA - inter-area (summary) E1 - type 1 external E2 - type 2 external

  31. OSPF • Configuration Example 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 s0 e0 B C Area 2 130.140.1.1/24 Area 0 130.140.1.2/24 130.120.1.1/24 e0 e0 D 130.150.1.1/24 e0 A e1 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 Area 1 E Router B router ospf network 130.130.1.0/24 area0 network 130.120.1.0/24 area1 Router C router ospf network 130.130.1.0/24 area0 network 130.140.1.0/24 area2 Router D router ospf network 130.140.1.0/24 area2 network 130.150.1.0/24 area2

  32. 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 s0 e0 B C Area 2 130.140.1.1/24 Area 0 130.140.1.2/24 130.120.1.1/24 e0 e0 D 130.150.1.1/24 e0 Area 3 A e1 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 Area 1 E OSPF Router C router ospf 100 network 130.130.1.0 area 0 network 130.140.1.0 area 2 area 2 virtual-link 130.150.1.1 • Virtual Link Example Router D router ospf 100 network 130.140.1.0 area 2 network 130.150.1.0 area 3 area 2 virtual-link 130.140.1.1

  33. Configuration

  34. Configure Static Route • Configuration • Configure routing entry using static route. • We can use Default GW option of Interface 165.213.100.0 165.213.89.237 Network 165.213.89.238 ip route 165.213.100.0 255.255.255.0 165.213.89.238 or ip route 165.213.100.0/24 165.213.89.238

  35. Configure Static Route • Static Route command & status • For static route using Input Configuration Command • Current Configuration Status add static route

  36. Configure RIP • Configuration OS7400 #1 • 172.16.0.0/24 OS7400 #3 • 192.168.30.0/24 OS7400 #2 • 10.0.0.0/24 • 30.0.0.0/24 • PC #2 • 30.0.0.100 OS7400 #1 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected OS7400 #2 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected OS7400 #3 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 redistribute connected OS7400 #2 Routing Table R>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:01:23 R>* 30.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:02 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 OS7400 #3 Routing Table R>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/3] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:03:09 C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 R>* 192.168.30.0/24 [120/2] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:01:08

  37. Configure RIP • RIP command and status Example) Configuration of OS7400 #3 -. RIP version 2 -. Redistribute Connected route (address of Network Interface)

  38. Configure OSPF • Configuration • 172.16.0.0/24 • 192.168.30.0/24 OS7400 #2 OS7400 #3 OS7400 #1 • 10.0.0.0/24 • 30.0.0.0/24 • PC #2 • 30.0.0.100 OS7400 #1 configuration router ospf network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected OS7400 #2 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected OS7400 #3 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected OS7400 #2 Routing Table O>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:04:21 O>* 30.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:22 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo O 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth1, 00:04:22 C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:04:22 C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 OS7400 #3Routing Table O>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:31 C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo O 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:03:10 C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 O>* 192.168.30.0/24 [110/74] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:32 • PC #1 • 10.0.0.100

  39. Configure OSPF • OSPF command and status Example) Configuration of OS7400 #3 -. OSPF area 0 -. Redistribute connected route (address of Network Interface)

  40. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.

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