Gunpowder Empires

1. Gunpowder Empires Mughal Empire 1524-1857 Qing 1644-1912 Tokugawa 1603-1868 Russia 1682-1796

2. I. Mughals Babur, a Muslim from Central Asia, defeated ruler of Delhi Emperor Babur (1483-1530)

3. Akbar (1556-1605 c.e.) All this responsibility has turned my hair white! Most expansion during his reign At the end of his reign the Mughal Empire covered most of Northern India He would be the first to truly unite the region in 1,000 years!

4. Mughal Political • Showed religious liberalism (abolition of the tax on non-Muslims) • Arranged political alliances through marriages with Rajputs • Divided empire into smaller raj • Emperor Aurangzeb spent nearly his entire career expanding his realm – led to much opposition

5. The synthesis of architectural influences representing various religions is a reflection of Akbar's desire to create a syncretic religion, called Din-i-ilahi (literally, the divine faith), that brought together all the religions of his subjects.

6. Akbar’s capital at Fatehpur Sikri

7. Precious water was saved after monsoon rains and used to keep the city cool

8. Economics Huge economy based on textiles Peasants paid most of the taxes. Why? Think religion!

9. Women in Society Nur Jahan Mumtaz Mahal

10. Sarais - quarters for travelers to rest -became necessary after Mughal India became crossed with networks of roads leading to important commercial and political centers.

11. Culture Red Fort of Agra - the country was governed from here. Mughal gardens at Lahore -the style was influenced by Persian gardens Taj Mahal of Agra – the style combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.

12. Syncretic ArtPersian miniatures had Hindu and Buddhist influences Thirst in night A Royal Mughal Court Love on a Boat at Night

13. Sikhism founded by Shri Guru Nanak Golden Temple

14. Shah Jehan's son Aurangzeb - last great Mughal (1658 to 1707)- stern puritan and religious bigot , sought to impose orthodox Islam on all of India dismissed Hindus from public service, reimposed tax on them & destroyed their temples All this nastiness is making my hair turn white

15. II. Ming to Qing

16. Those were the days, my friend…. Zheng He Yongle

17. The Manchurians are coming!

18. Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing Sizong vs. Manchu warrior Oh, for a big, sturdy tree…

19. Reasons for Ming’s Decline • Climate change • Colder climate frustrated peasants & led to rebellions • Nomadic Invasions • Mongols from the west • Japanese attacked Korea (tribute state) • Pirates • Both Chinese & Japanese • Decline of Silk Road • More trade now conducted by Europeans by sea • Inept Rulers • Hidden away in the Forbidden City

20. Famine Early half of the 17th century, famines became common in northern China - unusual dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season- Little Ice Age

21. Revolts against the empire • Li Zicheng • one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty China • proclaimed himself "The Roaming King". • Zhang Xianzhong • ex-soldier and rival to Linicknamed Yellow Tiger • conquered Sichuan Province in the middle of the 17th century.

22. Matteo Ricci Jesuit missionary who made a positive impression on Ming China Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements published in 1607.

23. Map of the Far East by Matteo Ricci in 1602. Painting of Matteo Ricci - wearing "Chinese scholar" robe

24. Manchu/Qing Dynasty Video one Manchu are descendants of the Jurchens. Kangxi, ruler of the Qing Dynasty (1662-1722) Spoke Chinese, Manchu, & Mongolian Ordered end to contact with Christians KangXi dictionary is basis for modern Chinese. Verbiest helped write a new guide to astronomy

25. Qing Rule • Ruled by Mandate of Heaven • Forbade marriage between Manchu & Chinese • Outlawed Chinese from learning Manchu • Required Chinese men to shave heads & wear queues • Established “Canton” system

26. Emperor Qianlong Ruled 1736-1796 Video • Empire was so prosperous he cancelled taxes on several occasions • Ming had been very corrupt • Manchus were accepted by the Chinese people as legitimate rulers. • Literary Inquisition • 2,000 anti-Manchu titles destroyed and many scholars punished

27. Arrival of the West: Canton system - Europeans should only trade in Canton China was considered despotic Became increasingly isolated as Russia turned west towards Europe Video

28. Dream of the Red Chamber Written by Cao Xueqin, an aristocrat From his own bitter, personal experiences, Cao created a tragic love story It is a detailed description of aristocratic life in Qing China Dream of the Red Chamber is seen as the zenith of Chinese classical fiction, although the novel as it survived was incomplete and later completed by another author.

29. Art – the Four Wangs! Imitation of Ming style was encouraged. Large-scale landscapes, flower-and-bird compositions, and figural narratives were particularly favored as images that would glorify the new dynasty

30. Decline of the Qing “High Equilibrium Trap”- new resources & technologies but too may people Population explosion (no epidemics, internal peace and food from America) Empire too large to control- Grand Canal silts up, deforestation Corrupt Merit System for Confucian scholars Video

31. “cheating underwear” helped destroy the Confucian based merit system!

32. What could have happened! • China could have become a great colonial power and could have led the world economically BUT • Europe had advantages • New World resources • Excess population → Americas • Joint stock companies • State backing of trading companies • Competition between nations drove economic success

33. III. Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868The “Edo Period” Iemitsu -3rd Shogun (the Grandson) Ieyasu – 1st unifying Shogun

34. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Shogun 1603 - 1605 Show two minutes of this video Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun at the age of 60 Lasted only two years but was a strong and effective leader Handed power to his son Ended civil war, set up bakufu (tent government), alternate attendance, controlled daimyo

35. Cultural - Christian Influence • Francis Xavier – Jesuit • Attempted to convert 1549-52 • Elite converted to Christianity • Later threatened Japanese power • Toyotomi Hideyoshi (prior to Ieyasu) crucified 26 Franciscan missionaries • Under Ieyasu, Christians expelled or murdered

36. Christianity-prohibited / neo-Confucianism-flourished The Christian martyrs of Nagasaki.

37. Dutch Learning -Rangaku • Dutch confined to an artificial island near Nagasaki • Other Europeans banned – fear of Catholicism Kaitai shinsho [New Book of Anatomy]

38. Dutch restricted to one ship per year, though this was later relaxed. • This contact allowed the Japanese some access to European ideas and products • By 1720 relaxed the rules were relaxed and foreign books started to circulate freely around Japan. Description of a microscope,1787 'Sayings of the Dutch'

39. Effects of Dutch Learning • With the liberalization of Western ideas, Japan began to build a sound base of scientific, geographical and political knowledge. • It also brought examples of western art into the country- influenced the printmakers and artists of the Ukiyo-e. • Education increased in urban areas • Western science and medicine spread • Printing flourished

40. Political system • Daimyo were nearly absolute rulers –had their own judges, schools, money • During this time there were three forms of daimyo: • – Shimpan or “related lords,”, people related to Ieyasu • they lived close to the capital and held important offices in the civil government. • – Fudai or “inner lords,” hereditary lords who controlled fiefs known as han • these had been vassals of the Tokugawa family before Ieyasu became shogun. • – Tozama, or “outer lords,” powerful lords who were indifferent or hostile to the Tokugawa. • Given inferior land on far-flung islands • Began to settle new areas • Traded overseas • Became a threat to the shogunate

41. Baku-Han Map The building of large ships was banned. Inner Lords and Outer Lords

42. Political consolidation • Country unified and peaceful • Privately held guns banned • Bureaucracy in hands of samurai • 7% of population • Some violent protests • Capital – Edo(Tokyo)- grew to a million • Broke off relations with foreign lands • Alternate attendance • Ensured stability

43. Culture Uesugi Kenshin91530-1578 Even a life-long prosperity is but one cup of sake; A life of forty-nine years is passed in a dream; I know not what life is, nor death. Year in year out-all but a dream. Both Heaven and Hell are left behind; I stand in the moonlit dawn, Free from clouds of attachment. Samurai Scholars HAIKU Ota Dokan(1432-1486)Had I not known that I was dead already I would have mourned my loss of life. Date Masamune 1566 - 1636

44. More culture! The merchant class became rich and new art forms appeared. • Included haiku poetry, genre novels, puppet dramas and ukiyo-e woodcut prints. • Education among farmers and merchants began to flourish • Stressed Japanese national traditions rather than concentrating on Chinese traditions. • New areas concentrated on included geography, medicine, astronomy, physics, chemistry and related areas.

45. Kabuki • Kabuki - traditional Japanese form of theater • Kabuki unlike older surviving Japanese art forms like Noh, was the popular culture of the townspeople and not of the higher social classes. • Kabuki plays were about historical events, moral conflicts in love relationships http://www.sadlerswells.com/standalonevideo.php?video=/assets/videos/63786503001,47017644001&show=2628&dp=1&show=2628&more=1

46. Art Video • Ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world“ - Japanese woodblock prints • features landscapes, tales from history, the theatre and pleasure quarters.

47. More Haiku (Bellaire students) The sun in the sky Is big and hot and yellow Please do not blow up. I hate Spanish class All the vocabulary, It hurts my brain so. Lonely I sit here As no one will date me now I can read more books It is cold in here. The A.C. won’t stop blowing When will the bell ring?

48. Culture- “Floating Worlds” In the cicada's cryNo sign can foretellHow soon it must die. • Into this Ukiyo - “Floating world,” any man from any class who had the money and was willing to spend it could go. • Provided release from restrictions, duties, and drabness of medieval society. • Geisha - prostitutes, but also accomplished actresses, musicians, and conversationalists • The government saw subversive tendency in these trends and tried to legislate against the gaiety. Show 1:30 minutes of this video

49. Social structure • Social order based on inherited position rather than personal merits The shogunate established a rigid class system; a person born in one class could not move to another class. • This system is called Shi-no-ko-sho. – Shi means Bushi, or Samurai. – No means farmers and peasants – Ko means craftsmen. – Sho means merchants and shopkeepers. Below were two sub groups: The Eta class were considered “unclean”-only allowed to work as butchers or tanners The Hinin, or“non-human,”- criminals - the lowest

50. Economy • Agriculture central to economy • New crop strains, irrigation, fertilizer • Brewing of sake • Urban centers connected by roads • Lords paid in rice by shogun • Samurai paid in rice by lords • Rice converted into money • Steel making, pottery, lacquer ware, porcelain