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“Gunpowder” Empires. Why was the West Advancing?. How did the Renaissance contribute? How did the Reformation contribute? How did Exploration & Absolutism contribute?. Why did China fall behind?. What factors led to China not dominating the West?. Why The West Was Advancing. Renaissance
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Why was the West Advancing? • How did the Renaissance contribute? • How did the Reformation contribute? • How did Exploration & Absolutism contribute? Why did China fall behind? • What factors led to China not dominating the West?
Why The West Was Advancing • Renaissance • Humanism & the individual, classicism, secularism • Reformation • Questioning (due to Middle Ages) • Competition for followers, missionary work • Exploration & Absolutism • Spread of influence • Wealth from empire • Expansion of navy & army • Individual competition, national competition • Gain of knowledge (technology, science, medicine)
Why China Fell Behind • No exploration, expansion of influence • No competition for wealth, power (no need to enhance military, navy) • No foreign influence (new tech., knowledge)
The Anatolian Turks • No central power • “ghazis” or warriors for Islam • Military societies led by emir, or chief commander • Strict Islamic code of conduct • Raided territories of “infidels”
Osman’s State • a.k.a. Othman – most successful ghazi • Followers known as Ottomans • Military use of gunpowder • Replaced archers on horseback w/musket-carrying foot-soldiers • Among the 1st to use cannons as weapons of attack
Ottoman Conquest • Osman’s son Orkhan I declared himself sultan (“overlord”, “one with power”) • Ottomans acted kindly towards conquered people • Local officials appointed by sultan • Improved the lives of peasants
Tamerlane • Timur the Lame = rebellious warrior from Samarkand in C. Asia • Europeans called him Tamerlane • Burned Baghdad & crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara (1402) • This defeat halted Ottoman expansion
Summary Questions • How was the Anatolian Turk society organized? • Why was Osman’s military successful? • How did the Ottomans treat the people they conquered? • What was the significance of Tamerlane?
Siege of Constantinople • Mehmed II (“the Conqueror”) “Give me Constantinople!” • Constantinople dominated Bosporous Strait • Having control of this waterway meant controlling trade & transportation between Ottoman territories
Siege of Constantinople • 1453 – began firing cannons on city walls • Turkish fleet dragged 70 ships over hill on greased runners • Attacked Constantinople from two sides • After 7 weeks, Turks found break in wall & entered city • Mehmed II opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions & backgrounds • Jews, Christians, Muslims, Turks, non-Turks helped rebuild city, now known as Istanbul
Ottomans & Islam • Selim the Grim defeated Safavids of Persia • Conquered holiest cities of Islam Mecca & Medina • Captured Cairo, the intellectual center of Muslim world
Suleyman • Suleyman “the Magnificent” • Great military leader • Dominated Mediterranean • Controlled trade routes • Moved northward into Hungary & Austria • Threatened central Europe • Most powerful monarch of the time
Suleyman the Lawgiver • Created law code to handle both criminal and civil actions • Simplified system of taxation • Reduced gov’t bureaucracy • Bettered the daily life of almost every citizen
Summary Questions • What was the advantage to taking Constantinople? • How was Mehmed II able to conquer Constantinople? • What was the significance of Mehmed’s military conquests? • Why was Suleyman given the name “lawgiver”? Specific reasons
Structured Social Organization • Palace bureaucracy staffed by 20,000 personal slaves • Policy of devshirme army drafted boys from conquered Christian territories • Educated, converted to Islam, trained as soldiers • Elite force of 30,000 soldiers known as janissaries were trained to be loyal to sultan only • Christian families sometimes bribed officials to take their children
Structured Social Organization • Suleyman required to follow Islamic law • Granted freedom of worship to other religious communities • Treated communities as millets or nations • The heads of the millets reported back to sultan • Minimized conflict between various religions
Cultural Flowering • Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics, architecture • Employed Sinan, one of world’s finest architects, to build Mosque of Suleyman • Complex w/domes, includes four schools, library, bath, hospital • Art & literature flourished • Painters & poets used foreign influences to express Ottoman ideas
Why Didn’t Ottomans Dominate the West? • Military weakness • Europeans were surpassing Muslim technologies (navy) • Collapse of janissary system – too involved in politics • Tamerlane halts expansion • Failure at Vienna • Political weakness • Series of ineffective rulers • No expansion of influence, exploration • Economic weakness • No dominance on trade • Other weaknesses = no new technology/medicine
Summary Questions • What were the advantages of the devshirme system for the sultan? • What was the importance of Suleyman’s religious tolerance? • Which cultural achievements of Suleyman’s reign were similar to the European Renaissance? • What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Isma’il & Islam • Forced conversion (to Shi’ite sect), attacked Sunni • Defeated by Ottomans
Safavid Golden Age • Shah Abbas • Reformed military • New capital Esfahan • Reformed gov’t • Punished corruption • Religious toleration • Welcomed Christian religious leaders • Cultural blending • Chinese potters, Armenian woven carpets
Decline of Safavids • Weak or ineffective, corrupt, cruel leaders • Assassinations • Attacks from Ottomans, Afghans
Main Points • What similarities do you see between the “Golden Ages” of both the Ottomans & Safavids? What brings an empire to its height? • What factors led to the decline of these empires? Why didn’t they dominate the West?
