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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. AREA OF STUDY 2 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT. THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT MORAL DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. Eleanor Gibson John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth & Harry Harlow

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY AREA OF STUDY 2 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

  2. THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT • PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT • EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT • COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT • MORAL DEVELOPMENT • PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Eleanor Gibson John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth & Harry Harlow Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson

  3. PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT(Eleanor Gibson) KEY PROCESSES • Role of the infant as an ‘active explorer’ • Affordances – what the environment offers an animal, and what it provides. Perceived and actual properties of something in the environment that suggest how it should be used • Differentiation – the ability to selectively perceive differences between things in the environment

  4. Learning Activity 5.1 (pg.183) HOMEWORK

  5. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT(JOHN BOWLBY) ATTACHMENT THEORY The tendency of infants to form an emotional bond to another person 4 Key characteristics • Proximity maintenance • Safe haven • Secure base • Separation distress

  6. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT(MARY AINSWORTH) Indicators of Attachment • crying to attract caregiver’s attention or when held by someone else • Clinging physically to caregiver • Smiling at caregiver more readily • Lifting arms to be picked up by caregiver TYPES OF ATTACHMENT SECURE ATTACHMENT AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT RESISTANT ATTACHMENT

  7. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT(MARY AINSWORTH) STRANGE SITUATION TEST (1978) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnFKaaOSPmk

  8. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT(MARY AINSWORTH) Factors Influencing Attachment • Characteristics of the caregiver sensitive responsiveness physical contact situational factors • Characteristics of the infant Difficult vs. easy Temperament regular patterns / adaptable

  9. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT(HARRY HARLOW) HARLOW’S EXPERIMENTS ON ATTACHMENT IN MONKEYS (1958) Watch the following clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O60TYAIgC4 Also, check out Figure 5.23: Harlow’s 1958 experiment (pg.197)

  10. Learning Activity 5.3 (pg.187) Learning Activity 5.8 (pg.191) Learning Activity 5.9 (pg.191) Learning Activity 5.10 (pg.195) HOMEWORK

  11. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) KEY PRINCIPLES • Assimilation = the process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it part of an existing mental idea about objects or the world EXAMPLE: A TRUCK IS A TYPE OF CAR THE FULL MOON IS A BALL

  12. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) KEY PRINCIPLES • Accommodation = changing an existing mental idea in order to fit new information EXAMPLE: A TRUCK IS DIFFERENT FROM A CAR THE MOON IS NOT A BALL

  13. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) Piaget’s four-stage theory • Sensorimotor stage (0-2 Years) • Pre-operational stage (2-7 Years) • Concrete Operational stage (7-12 Years) • Formal operational Stage (12+ Years)

  14. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 Years) • Object Permanence = the understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen or touched • Goal-Directed Behaviour = behaviour which is carried out with a particular purpose in mind

  15. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) 2. Preoperational stage (2-7 Years) • Egocentrism = unable or have difficulty seeing things from another person’s perspective • Animism = the belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness/awareness • Transformation = understanding that something can change from one state to another • Centration = can focus on only one quality or feature of an object at a time • Reversibility = the ability to follow a line of reasoning back to its original starting point

  16. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) 3. Concrete Operational stage (7-12 Years) • Conservation = an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance • Classification = the ability to organise information into categories based on common features

  17. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(JEAN PIAGET) 4. Formal Operational stage (12+ Years) • Abstract Thinking = does not rely on being able to see or visualise things in order to understand concepts • Logical Thinking = develop strategies to solve problems, identify solutions, develop hypotheses and test solutions

  18. Learning Activity 5.15 (pg.202) Learning Activity 5.16 (pg.202) Learning Activity 5.21 (pg.210) Learning Activity 5.23 (pg.213) Learning Activity 5.26 (pg.214) HOMEWORK

  19. MORAL DEVELOPMENT(LAWRENCE KOHLBERG)

  20. MORAL DEVELOPMENT(LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) Kohlberg used both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to test people of different ages in relation to their moral reasoning He found the following 3 distinct broad levels of moral development… • PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (0-9 years) • CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (9-15 years) • POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (16+ years)

  21. MORAL DEVELOPMENT(LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 1. PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (0-9 years) • Stage 1 – Obedience & Punishment orientation • Stage 2 – Naively Egotistical orientation

  22. MORAL DEVELOPMENT(LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 2. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (9-15 years) • Stage 1 – Good boy / Nice girl orientation • Stage 2 – Law & Social Order orientation

  23. MORAL DEVELOPMENT(LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 3. POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (16+ years) • Stage 1 – Legalistic-Social-Contract orientation • Stage 2 – Universal-Ethical orientation

  24. Learning Activity 5.28 (pg.221) Learning Activity 5.30 (pg.222) Learning Activity 5.31 (pg.223) HOMEWORK

  25. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT(ERIK ERIKSON) PSYCHO-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT = Psychological Processes + Environment

  26. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT(ERIK ERIKSON) At each lifespan stage, an individual has to deal with a different psycho-social crisis

  27. Learning Activity 5.34 (pg.226) Learning Activity 5.36 (pg.234) Learning Activity 5.37 (pg.235) HOMEWORK

  28. UNIT 1:INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SAC 1 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ACTIVITY Investigation Into the Theories of Psychological Development AREA OF STUDY 2: LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

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