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Reproductive System

Reproductive System. 2015. The reproductive system begins functioning during puberty Sex cells = Germ cells = Gametes Sperm ( male ) and Ova ( female ) Each contain 23 chromosomes Sperm contain X & Y Ova contain X & X Male= XY Female= XX. Reproductive System.

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Reproductive System

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  1. Reproductive System 2015

  2. The reproductive system begins functioning during puberty • Sex cells = Germ cells = Gametes • Sperm (male) and Ova (female) • Each contain 23 chromosomes • Sperm contain X & Y • Ova contain X & X • Male= XY • Female= XX Reproductive System

  3. Male Reproductive System • Testes • Epididymus • Vas Deferens • Spermatic Cord • Seminal Vesicle • Ejaculatory Duct • Prostate Gland • Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland) • Penis • Corpus Spongiosum • Urethra • Corpus Cavernosa • Scrotum

  4. Testes • The hormone produced here is testosterone , which develops male characteristics and stimulates growth • Housed in the scrotum (external male genitalia), so that their temperature is slightly lower than the body for production of healthy sperm.

  5. Sperm • Contains X and Y chromosomes • The sex cell of males

  6. Testes • Seminiferous tubule: actual sperm producing factories, about 1000 in each teste

  7. 1. Epididymis • The first aspect in the flow of sperm from the testes is the epididymis. • Long coiled tube in which sperm mature and are stored. • On top of the testes

  8. 2. Vas Deferens • The second aspect in the flow of sperm from the testes is the vas deferens. • Carries sperm by the Seminal Vesicle via peristalsis • Vasectomy is the surgical removal of part of the vas deferens. • Male sterilization

  9. Spermatic Cord • Combination of vas deferens, nerves, blood, and lymph vessels.

  10. Seminal Vesicle • Produces 60% of the fluid volume of semen • Nourishes and activates sperm • Fluid is alkaline which aids in neutralizing acidity of the vagina

  11. 3. Ejaculatory Duct • The third aspect in the flow of sperm from the testes is through the Ejaculatory Duct • End of Vas Deferens • Propels semen into the urethra where the smooth muscle creates peristaltic waves moving the semen forward

  12. Bulbourethral Gland • Also known as Cowper’s Gland • Releases fluid during sexual stimulation prior to ejaculation which serves as lubrication in the urethra • Secretes a thick clear mucous that is added to the ejaculate to help make up the contents of semen; alkaline in nature and high levels of fructose for nourishment of the sperm cells

  13. Prostate Gland • Adds alkaline secretions to help make up semen • Most common site of cancer in male reproductive system • First inch of urethra passes through the prostate gland • Located right under bladder • Considered an accessory organ

  14. 4 Urethra • The fourth and final aspect in the flow of sperm from the testes is through the Urethra • Approximately 8 inches long • Pathway to outside the body for urine and semen

  15. Penis • Head: distal end, made up of Glans Penis, prepuce and foreskin • Shaft: made up of erectile tissue, contains urethra • Erectile Tissue: contains many blood venous spaces, flaccid when empty, erect when distended (full of blood)

  16. Pituitary Gland in the Male Reproductive System • Anterior Lobe • Testosterone • Causes secondary sex characteristics to appear: • Deepening of voice (enlargement of larynx) • Increased hair growth on body and face • Enlargement of skeletal muscle mass

  17. Circumcision: surgical removal of the foreskin • Vasectomy: male sterilization operation; small incision into the scrotum to cut vas deferens so sperm can no longer reach body exterior • Testosterone- Responsible for secondary male sexual characteristics Male Reproductive Terms

  18. Female Reproductive System: External Genitalia • Vulva: • Mons Pubis: fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis • Labia Majora: two elongated hair covered skin folds, which enclose the labia minora and vestibule • Labia Minora: two delicate hair free folds just inside the labia majora • Vestibule: region housing the external openings for the urethra and vagina, as well as the Bartholin’s glands • Bartholin’s Glands: flank the vagina, produce mucous for lubrication of the vagina • Accessory structure

  19. Female Reproductive System: External Genitalia • Vulva (continued): • Hymen: membrane partially closing vaginal orifice • Clitoris: anterior to the vestibule, very sensitive erectile tissue, becomes swollen during sexual arousal • Perineum: diamond shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, the anus posteriorly; most commonly referred to as the fleshy area between the vagina and the anus

  20. Female Reproductive System: Internal Genitalia • Vagina: thin walled, muscular, lies between the rectum and bladder • Uterus: located between the bladder and the rectum, it is the site of implantation of a fertilized egg • Cervix • Fallopian Tubes: passageway for ovum • Ovaries: houses female sex cells

  21. Vagina • Functions: • the female sex organ for reproduction • passage way for the menstrual flow to leave the body • the birth canal for delivery of an infant • Organ of copulation

  22. Ovaries • About size of an almond • Secured in place by the suspensory, ovarian and broad ligaments • The follicles mature and release the now mature egg (ovulation)

  23. Fallopian Tubes • Receive the oocyte • Site where fertilization can occur • About 4” long • Empty into the superior region of the uterus • Distal end contain fimbria which sweep oocyte into the tube • 3-5 days from ovary to uterus, moves along via cilia and peristalsis

  24. Ectopic Pregnancy • Ectopic Pregnancy • Fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes or abdomen

  25. Uterus • Parts • Body: major portion • Fundus: dome shaped part above fallopian tubes • Cervix: “neck”,narrow outlet projecting into the vagina • Lining • Endometrium (inner) • Endometriosis: displaced endometrium tissue in pelvic cavity causes pain, pressure, and abnormal uterine or rectal bleeding; Rx: hormones and/or surgery • Myometrium (middle) • Perimetrium (outer)

  26. Uterus’ Functions • Site of implantation of fertilized egg (endometrium) • Menses: sloughing off of endometrium in response to changes in hormones when not pregnant • Labor: muscles contract and expel newborn at end of labor

  27. Female Hormones • Estrogen: • Growth of uterus and vagina • Secondary sex characteristics (hair under arms on pubis, breast development, hips broaden) • Prepare uterus lining for implantation • Repairs endometrium after menstruation • Progesterone: • Embedding and implantation of blastocyte in endometrium • Secreted by the corpus luteum • Development of milk-secreting cells in mammary glands • Starts menstruation – diminished secretion aborts pregnancy

  28. Mammary Glands Components: • Glandular tissue: site of milk production • Nipple: site of milk evacuation • Areola: pigmented area around nipple • Function: • Lactation and evacuation of milk for new born infant

  29. Video Clip • ADAMinsideout

  30. Pituitary Gland • Male • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone): production of sperm in seminiferous tubules • ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone): stimulates production of testosterone • Female • FSH: stimulates Graafian follicle to produce estrogen during days 6-13 of the menstrual cycle • LH (lutenizing hormone): stimulates development of the corpus luteum which produces progesterone during days 15-27 of menstrual cycle

  31. Conception • “Act of conceiving” • Ovum with 23 chromosomes + Sperm with 23 chromosomes = fertilized ovum with 46 chromosomes • Male: both X and Y • Female: X only • Ovum XY = male • Ovum XX = female

  32. Twins • Fraternal • 2 separate ova and 2 separate sperm fertilizing them at the same time • Identical • 1 ovum and one sperm that divides after fertilization; share the same set of chromosomes • Odds • 1/3 = identical • 2/3 = fraternal • 1 out of 86 births

  33. Factors that influence fertility: Male • Number of sperm • 250-500 million in one teaspoon of semen • If under 10 million =infertile • Size and shape of sperm • Highly motile sperm • With enough semen to provide warmth and longer life they can live up to two days in a female body • Temperature of sperm • Infection • Emotional Stress • Injury and/or surgery

  34. Factors that influence fertility: Female • Production of ova, estrogen, and progesterone in ovary • Pathway for ova • Reception of mucosal secretions • Infection • Emotional stress • Injury and/or surgery

  35. Reproduction: process by which living entity produces an individual of like kind • Gamete: one of two sex cells • Zygote: fertilized ovum; stays in fallopian tube about 5 days • Embryo: first two months of development • Fetus: developing young in uterus from 8 weeks to birth • Ejaculation: forcible, sudden expulsion of semen • Erection: Penis becomes firm and rigid from increased blood in surrounding tissue • Coitus/copulation: Sexual union or intercourse • Impotent: inability of male to achieve or maintain an erection of sufficient rigidity to perform coitus successfully • Sterile/infertility: inability to produce live sex cells • Contraception: methods used to prevent conception • Orgasm/climax: culmination of sexual excitement • Genetics: study of heredity • Sterilization: procedure that renders a person unable to reproduce live sex cells Terms

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