ANIMAL HABITATS

1. ANIMAL HABITATS Chapter 10

2. SUCCESSION • Succession – the concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure over time • Climax community – a relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession

4. SUCCESSION • Primary succession – a successional progression that begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water • Secondary succession – a successional progression that begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem

5. LICHENS(mutualism between algae and fungus)

6. PIONEER STAGES

7. LATER SUCCESSIONAL (SERAL) STAGES

8. MT. ST. HELENS

9. MT. ST. HELENS

10. MT. ST. HELENS

13. SUCCESSION AFTER A FIRE

14. BIOMES • Biomes – terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution • Patterns of precipitation and temperature are two primary abiotic factors that have major impacts on the kind of climax community that develops in any part of the world

15. BIOMES OF THE WORLD

17. MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD • Desert • Temperate grassland • Savanna • Chaparral • Tropical dry forest • Tropical rain forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Temperate rain forest • Taiga, northern coniferous forest, boreal forest • Tundra

18. DESERT • Low precipitation (<10 in. per yr.) • Temperature – hot daytime / cold at night

19. TEMPERATE GRASSLAND(Prairie) • 10-30 inches of rainfall • Hot summers / cold winters

20. SAVANNA • 20 – 60 inches of rain but long droughts • Tropical – no cold weather

21. CHAPARRALMediterranean Shrublands • Wet, cool winters / long dry summers

22. TROPICAL DRY FOREST • Several months of heavy rainfall followed by long dry period

23. TROPICAL RAINFOREST • Always warm / rains almost every day

24. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST • 40 – 60 inches rainfall / has summer – winter changes of seasons / trees lose leaves in winter / place them in spring

25. TEMPERATE RAINFOREST • 50 – 120 inches of rainfall / cool throughout most of year

26. TAIGA / NORTHERN CONIFEROUS FOREST-BOREAL • Short, cool summer / long winter with heavy snowfall

27. TUNDRA • North of the taiga with extremely cold winter / permafrost - < 10 inches rain

28. MAJOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS • Marine ecosystems – saltwater areas such as bays, gulfs, seas, and oceans • Freshwater ecosystems – ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers

29. PELAGIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS • Pelagic – open ocean environment; organisms float or swim • Plankton – small, weak swimmers that drift with the currents • Phytoplankton – plant-like plankton; they are photosynthetic (euphotic zone) • Zooplankton – animal-like plankton

30. PELAGIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS • Meroplankton – temporary plankton such as larval fish, crabs, shrimp, etc. • Holoplankton – permanently planktonic • Neritic – nearshore, shallow areas of the ocean • Intertidal – area between the high and low tide levels

31. NERITIC SPECIES

32. PELAGIC SPECIES

33. PHYTOPLANKTON

34. ZOOPLANKTON

35. MEROPLANKTON

36. HOLOPLANKTON

37. BENTHIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS • Benthic – live on, in, or near the bottom • Coral reef ecosystems – corals grow in clear, shallow, tropical seas • Mangrove swamp ecosystems – tropical forest ecosystems that grow in shallow water • Abyssal ecosystem – benthic ecosystem that occurs at great depths in the ocean

38. CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM

39. MANGROVE SWAMPS

40. SALT MARSHES

41. ABYSSAL ECOSYSTEM

42. ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS • Estuary – semi-enclosed body of water where freshwater and saltwater mix

43. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS • Lentic – stationary, non-flowing bodies of freshwater (ponds and lakes) • Lotic – flowing freshwater environments such as rivers, creeks, and streams