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The Living Planet: Earth in Context

Explore the unique characteristics of Earth that make it a living planet, from its molecular structure to its role as the "universal solvent". Learn about the effects of liquid water and the reasons for the differences between Earth and its neighbors.

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The Living Planet: Earth in Context

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  1. BIO102: Biology and the Environment Lecture 1: “Why is Earth the Living Planet”?

  2. I. Earth in Context The Earth, from 6 billion kilometers, taken by the Voyager 1 space probe on Feb 14, 1990, as it left our solar system.

  3. The Solar System ~ 4.6 bya

  4. Body Diameter Distance SUN 12 inches Mercury 0.04 in 41 feet Venus 0.10 in 77 feet Earth 0.11 in 107 feet Mars 0.06 in 163 feet Asteriod belt………………………………………. Jupiter 1.23 in 559 feet Saturn 1.00 in 1025 feet Uranus 0.40 in 2062 feet Neptune 0.39 in 3232 feet Why no planet here?

  5. B. The Early Earth - meteorite bombardments - Earth cools enough for water to condense and crust to form - oldest rocks ~ 4.0 by (tectonic activity)

  6. C. The Earth and its Neighbors -153 – 20oC -88 – 58oC 462oC

  7. C. The Earth and its Neighbors

  8. I. The Earth in Context II. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water

  9. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0

  10. ALL KNOWN ORDINARY MATTER IS MADE OF THESE INGREDIENTS: (they do not comprise “dark matter”, however, which may make up 85% of the matter in the universe) GALAXIES PLANETS OCEANS MOUNTAINS AIR PUPPIES VIRUSES YOUR FRIENDS YOU AND ME

  11. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure An element’s “ATOMIC NUMBER” = # Of PROTONS ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons

  12. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = ~1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass)

  13. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass) IONS: differ in number of electrons (and charge) 11 P 11 N 11 e- 11 P 11 N 10 e- Charge = 0 Charge = +1

  14. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure = H2 BONDS: Interactions between atoms: H2, O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… CEMENT DNA

  15. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure Oxygen (Gas) = O2 BONDS: Interactions between atoms: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell 2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’) shared equally = non-polar H2 2e 8 protons 8 protons 2e

  16. WATER = H2O III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure BONDS: Interactions between atoms: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell 2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’) shared equally = non-polar shared unequally = polar (partial charges) The eight oxygen protons exert a stronger attractive force on the shared electrons than the single proton in each hydrogen atom – ‘pulling’ the cloud of electronegativity off the hydrogen protons, revealing ‘a part’ of their positive charge, and giving the oxygen atom a partial negative charge. Water is a ‘polar’ molecule… with charged ‘poles’.

  17. BONDS: Interactions between atoms: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell - Ionic Bond: attraction between ions A salt crystal: IONIC BONDS between sodium and chloride ions

  18. BONDS: Interactions between atoms: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell - Ionic Bond: attraction between ions - Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction of partially charged regions of a molecule.

  19. HYDROGEN BONDS IN THE THREE STATES OF WATER

  20. III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” - ions and polar compounds dissolve in water

  21. Lecture I: Water World • The Earth and Its Neighbors • Why The Differences? • A. The Effects of Liquid Water • 1. Water’s molecular structure • 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” • - ions and polar compounds dissolve in water Charged regions of a glucose molecule

  22. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” - ions and polar compounds dissolve in water - Rocks are composed of ionic compounds (minerals) - So, many rocks dissolve K-Al-Si3O8 Na-Al-Si3O8 Ca-Al-Si2O8 In presence of water, H+ replaces K+, Na+, and CA+2 60% of Earth’s Crust: Feldspar Minerals Note: there is no carbon in these minerals

  23. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates into IONS Hydronium: Oxygen: 8 protons, 2e first shell, 8 second 3 H: 3 protons Total: 11 protons, 10 electrons = +1 charge (will readily give up H+ ion Hydronium can give up an H+, so same net effect as above…

  24. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates In pure water, 1 in 10,000,000 (1 x 10-7) molecules will be dissociated at any one time The “power” (in terms of exponent) of Hydrogen… you can think of it as percent or proportion of H+. pH scale is negative exponent… so water = 7.0

  25. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 17+ 1+ HCl (Hydrochloric acid) dissociates much more readily in solution. 1 in 100 molecules are dissociated = 1 x 10-2 pH = 2.0

  26. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 4. Weathers rock, putting ions into solution ACIDS, which donate H+ ions increase the rate of CATION DISPLACEMENT K-Al-Si3O8 Na-Al-Si3O8 Ca-Al-Si2O8 In presence of water, H+ replaces K+, Na+, and CA+2 These ions go into solution… 60% of Earth’s Crust: Feldspar Minerals

  27. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 4. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid

  28. Abiogenic Limestone Formation Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid Carbonate ion From ‘weathering’ of feldspars Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

  29. Abiogenic Limestone Formation Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid Carbonate ion Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

  30. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. ???

  31. Coccolithophore (single celled marine algae) Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation “Coquina”

  32. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation SHELLS Settled out

  33. 400 m 4 um (4/1000’s of a mm; 250,000 per meter) 100,000,000 deep, but they are crushed, so it’s actually more… Little things, big effects…

  34. Where did all the Carbon Dioxide go? 1) Lithosphere Limestone and Dolomite

  35. Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation 2. Photosynthesis Photosynthetic bacteria

  36. Overview: Transfer radiant energy into chemical bond energy, stored in the bonds of molecules e- C6 (glucose) ATP Photons bombard electrons, transferring energy to electrons ADP+P 6 CO2 e- Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction Where do the electrons come from? Photosynthetic organisms split WATER: 2 (H-O-H) 2O + 4H+ + 4e- So, CO2 from air is bound together into glucose (CO2 concentration declines) Water is split, and oxygen gas (O2) is released to the air as a waste product O2

  37. Lecture I: The Living Planet III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation 2. Photosynthesis Little things (photosynthetic bacteria), big effects…

  38. The Earth is a living planet… It breathes.

  39. And today? The Earth is a living planet… it breathes. CO2 – increased from 320 to 400 ppm 25% in 50 years O2 – declined by 70 ppm, but it is 21% of the atmosphere (210,000,000 ppm) So the decline of 70 ppm is not dramatic.

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