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The Evolution of Modern China: From Unequal Treaties to Mao and Economic Reforms

This overview outlines China's turbulent history from the impact of unequal treaties in the 19th century through the 1911 Revolution, the Civil War, and Mao's leadership. European powers and Japan exerted significant influence, culminating in events such as the Opium Wars, the Boxer Uprising, and the Taiping Rebellion. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping introduced crucial economic reforms. This summary highlights China's complex journey shaped by foreign interactions, civil strife, and pivotal leadership changes that led to its current status as a global power.

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The Evolution of Modern China: From Unequal Treaties to Mao and Economic Reforms

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Presentation Transcript

  1. China: Historical Background March 23

  2. Overview • Europe, Japan and the ‘unequal treaties’ with China • 1911 Revolution created Republic • Civil war ends in 1949 with Communist victory • The Maoist Period

  3. European Contact • China was not directly subjected to European colonialism, but the European powers (and missionaries) did exert significant control in the 19th century. • The Portuguese reached China in 1513, Spaniards followed in the 1570s, the Dutch in the 1620s. • By the early 18th century, the British East India Company has established a presence in China.

  4. European Contact and War with Japan • It was not until the 19th century, however, that Britain was able to force its way into China and open its ports to Western trade. • First Opium War, 1839-42 • Resulted in British control over Hong Kong • Second Opium War, 1856-58 • Japanese defeats China, 1894-95

  5. Boxer Uprising 1900 • The foreign presence was challenged in 1900. • International forces rushed to put-down the uprising.

  6. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-64 • China was also weakened by internal struggles and rebellions, the largest being the Taiping Rebellion.

  7. Civil War, 1927-1949 • 1911 revolution, a Republic established. • Japan invaded China, 1937. • In 1949, the Communists led by Mao Zedong (as of 1934) defeated the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek. • The Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan.

  8. China under Mao • land reform, state-directed industrialization • Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 • Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 • Mao dies, 1976

  9. Deng Xiaoping • Deng Xiaoping gains control in 1978. • An economic reformer, he begins the process of market reforms. This process accelerates from 1992 onward. • He remains a political hardliner, maintaining the grip of the Communist Party.

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