Smoking Tobacco

1. Smoking Tobacco William P. Wattles, Ph.D. Psychology 314

2. Dose Response relationship • A quantitative relationship between the dose of a drug and the degree of an effect caused by the drug

3. Analyze nutrition from a chain restaurant. • Choose a restaurant not chosen by someone else. First come, first served.

4. Analyze nutrition from a chain restaurant. • Obtain a fact sheet with nutritional information. • Analyze the fat content of at least ten items • Discuss the nutritional strengths and weaknesses of several items • Suggest which items appear healthier. • Attach the fact sheet to the paper.

5. American Legacy Foundation • Building a world where young people reject tobacco and anyone can quit. • http://www.americanlegacy.org/

6. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/health/20tobacco.html The Smoking Scourge Among Urban Blacks

7. Employers see savings in helping smokers to quit • http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/business/26smoking.html?_r=1&oref=slogin

8. Workplace initiative • Act Now to Avoid Tobacco Surcharge • October 31 is the deadline to certify with the Employee Insurance Program (EIP) whether you use tobacco.  Effective January 1, 2010, a $25-a-month surcharge will be added to the health insurance premium of subscribers who use tobacco

9. Segue • Article:Lack Of Progress Found In Reducing Smoking • About 48 million Americans smoked in 1997 according to a survey.The Disease Control and Prevention Centers estimated that 23.9 percent of men and 18.1 percent of women smoked regularly. the overall smoking rate for adults is 20.9 percent.

11. Costs of smoking • An estimated 430,070 Americans die each year from diseases caused by smoking. • Smoking is responsible for an estimated one in five U.S. deaths and costs the U.S. at least $97.2 billion each year in health care costs and lost productivity.

12. You don’t always die from tobacco

13. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to increase volume of chest. Resulting loss in pressure causes air to flow in Air flows in through the nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles The respiratory system

14. Occurs in the alveoli alveolus A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. In this sense, also called air sac. Bubbles with thin skin Due to diffusion pressure carbon dioxide moves from the blood and oxygen to it. Gas exchange

15. Foreign material enters via respiratory system • Mucociliary escalator. protective mechanism • mucous • cilia • smoke decreases the effectiveness of the Mucociliary escalator.

16. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis--diseases that are characterized by obstruction to air flow. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis frequently coexist. Thus physicians prefer the term COPD Fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. 96,000 deaths annually Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

17. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Approximately 80 to 90 % of COPD cases are caused by smoking; a smoker is 10 times more likely than a nonsmoker to die of COPD.

18. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Other known causes are frequent lung infections and exposure to certain industrial pollutants.

19. Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes. An estimated 14 million people suffer from chronic bronchitis, the seventh leading chronic condition in America. Chronic Bronchitis

20. Chronic Bronchitis • Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include: • chronic cough, increased mucus • frequent clearing of the throat • shortness of breath.

21. Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage. The walls between the air sacs within the lungs lose their ability to stretch and recoil. They become weakened and break. Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, causing air to be trapped in the air sacs and impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Emphysema

22. Symptoms of emphysema include cough, shortness of breath and a limited exercise tolerance. Diagnosis is made by pulmonary function tests, along with the patient's history, examination and other tests. Emphysema

23. An estimated two million Americans have emphysema. Of the emphysema sufferers, 61 % are male, and 39 % are female. While more men suffer from the disease than women, the condition is increasing among women. Between 1982 and 1994 the emphysema prevalence rate in women increased 11 %. Emphysema

24. Cigarettes • Cigarettes contain at least 43 distinct cancer-causing chemicals. • Smoking is directly responsible for 87 % of lung cancer cases and causes most cases of emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

25. Cigarettes • Smoking is also a major factor in coronary heart disease and stroke; may be causally related to malignancies in other parts of the body; and has been linked to a variety of other conditions and disorders, including slowed healing of wounds, infertility, and peptic ulcer disease. • Causes “cigarette skin”

26. Cigarette Skin • Premature facial wrinkling in young people is associated with smoking. Therefore, it is suggested this should now be added to the list of disorders with which smoking is considered a causative factor • International Journal of Dermatology.

27. Smokers tend to look older than non-smokers of the same age Smokers' facial skin is more likely than non-smokers to have: wrinkles, crow's feet and a sallow, yellow-grey colouring Smokers' skin can be prematurely aged by between 10 and 20 years Cigarette Skin

29. Smoking in pregnancy • Smoking in pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 % of low-birth weight babies, up to 14 % of preterm deliveries, and some 10 % of all infant deaths. • Even apparently healthy, full-term babies of smokers have been found to be born with narrowed airways and curtailed lung function.

30. Smoking in pregnancy • Only about 30 % of women who smoke stop smoking when they find they are pregnant. • 26% of women in Kentucky and West Virginia smoke during pregnancy. Nationwide it is about 12%

31. Who smokes? • 20.9% of adults smoke down from high of 41% in 1965. Approx.. 50 million • 25% once smoked • 50% never smoked • warning labels Since 1967 • television ads banned since 1970 • Men (23.9%) smoke slightly more than women (18.1%)

32. Who smokes by race? • Blacks over 18 years of age have the highest amount of smokers • Whites 21.9% • Blacks 21.5% • Hispanic 16.2% • Asian 14.4%

33. Smoking prevalence among people with disabilities is nearly 50 percent higher than among people without disabilities (29.9 percent vs. 19.8 percent), according to a new study from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

34. Who smokes by education? • People with less formal education tend to smoke more • G.E.D. 43.2% • 9-11 years 32.6% • college degree 10.7% • graduate degree 7.1%

35. Who smokes by state? • Kentucky has the highest number of adult smokers (27.6%) • Utah has the lowest number of adult smokers (10.5%)

36. Smoking and taxes • States with the highest cigarette taxes, such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, Montana, Washington, New Jersey have lower rates of adult smokers!

37. Smoking and taxes • States with the lowest cigarette taxes, such as South Carolina, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina have higher rates of adult smokers!

38. Cigarette Tax and smoking rank by state correlation = .40

39. Who smokes by age • Nationwide, 70.2% of high school students have tried cigarette smoking. More than one-third (36.4%) of high school students were current cigarette smokers, i.e., smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days.

40. Who smokes by age • White students (19.9%) were more likely than African-American (7.2%) or Hispanic (10.9%) students to smoke frequently.

41. Who smokes by country • In developed countries, 41% of men and 21% of women regularly smoke cigarettes. • In developing countries, 50% of men smoke, and 8% of women.

42. Smoking rates by country Ranked by men’s rate

43. Smoking rate by country Ranked by women’s rate

44. Why smoke? • Why do you smoke? • Why do you think people smoke? • Is smoking cool? • How could it be viewed as cool or sexy? • What does someone get out of smoking?

45. In the beginning, smoking is about image. Three thousand American teens will light up for the first time today and, for most, says 17-year-old Alexandria Drouin, "It's like, `I want to look cool.' "

46. Is smoking cool?

47. TV ads features a 46-year-old woman who says she's been smoking since she was 13 and can't kick her addiction, even after losing her voice box to throat cancer in 1992.

48. Identified only as "Debi," the woman smokes through a hole in her throat, telling the audience she tried to quit when she became aware of dangers to her health, but couldn't.

49. Teenagers and smoking • Reasons for starting: • tension control • rebelliousness • social pressure

50. Nicotine is an addictive drug, which reaches the brain faster than drugs that enter the body intravenously. Smokers become not only physically addicted to nicotine. • Smokers also link smoking with many social activities, making smoking a difficult habit to break.