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History of the GUI

History of the GUI. The Early Days. The concept of a window system first introduced by SAGE project and Sutherland’s Sketchpad. SAGE Project. SAGE stands for Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Used by NORAD from the late 50s to 80s Tracked and intercepted enemy bombers

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History of the GUI

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  1. History of the GUI

  2. The Early Days

  3. The concept of a window system first introduced by SAGE project and Sutherland’s Sketchpad

  4. SAGE Project • SAGE stands for Semi-Automatic Ground Environment • Used by NORAD from the late 50s to 80s • Tracked and intercepted enemy bombers • The computers that ran it were immense

  5. 55,000 vacuum tubes • 1/2-acre of floor space • 275 tons • and each SAGE site • had two of them

  6. Sketchpad • Developed in 1963 for Ivan Sutherland’s doctoral dissertation • Ancestor to modern CAD systems • First app with a graphical user interface • Used light pen to control onscreen elements

  7. oN-Line System (NLS) • Englebart was influenced by the Sketchpad project • NLS was the first use of a computer mouse

  8. Xerox PARC • PARC - Palo Alto Research Center • Under Merzouga Wilberts, codified the WIMP paradigm • WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers • Resulted in the Xerox Alto experimental computer, later released as Xerox Star

  9. GUIs Go Mainstream

  10. Lisa • Developed by Apple in the late 70s and early 80s • Not commercially successful • The graphics taxed the system’s 5MHz processor, so it felt very sluggish • More advanced system than Macintosh at the time

  11. Macintosh • Developed alongside Lisa at Apple in the late 70s and early 80s. • Released in 1984 • First commercially successful product with a GUI • Continued to expand on WIMP ideas • Apple Human Interface Guidelines (HIG)

  12. The HIG • Huge, detailed document • Described how applications on Macintosh platform should behave • Very important because Mac was the first commercially viable GUI • Apple wanted to ensure developers “got it”

  13. Macintosh (cont.) • Drop down menus • Trash can to delete files • Files looked like paper documents • Directories looked like file folders • Extensively modeled on work at PARC, but extended the work at PARC considerably

  14. Apple IIGS • Released in 1986 • First Apple II to feature a GUI • GS/OS modeled on Macintosh OS • Included color, not to appear on a Mac until the Mac II a year later

  15. GEM • Circa 1985 • GUI that sat over the top of MS-DOS, Dr. DOS, CP/M, etc. • Sued by Apple over the similarities to Macintosh • Default UI on the Atari ST computer

  16. GEM on an Atari ST

  17. Commodore Amiga • Launched by Commodore in 1985 • Desktop environment called “Workbench” • Featured some very advanced graphic capabilities • Adopted extensively by video editors because of Video Toaster

  18. Amiga OS

  19. MS-DOS-based GUIs • Though there was no GUI in MS-DOS there were a number of applications with GUIs • Most well-known example is Deluxe Paint

  20. Deluxe Paint

  21. Microsoft Windows • First two versions of Windows were not commercially successful • Windows 3.0 took off • Windows 3.0 was based on Common User Access • CUA gave Windows consistency

  22. Common User Access • Developed by IBM • Strict rules about how apps should look and behave • Developed in response to chaotic UIs on IBM platform • Modeled around Apple Human Interface Guidelines

  23. Prior to CUA... • Opening a file: • Wordperfect: F7 then 3 • Lotus 1-2-3: / then W then R • MS Word: Esc then T then L • Wordstar: Ctrl+K+O • emacs: Ctrl+X then Ctrl+F

  24. GEOS • Originally ran on Commodore 64 hardware • Ported to Apple II and IBM PC • 8-bit in a 16-bit world • Never really took off • Included gadgets and a word processor

  25. X Window System • Referred to as X11 in most circles • Standard GUI system on Unix platform • Developed to be client-server • Allows you to run graphical applications on other machines over the network • Still in use today

  26. Windows 95/NT4 • 32-bit, can address up to 4GB of memory • Better multitasking • New “Cairo” user interface • Very successful • Followed up with Windows 98, ME, 2000, XP and now Vista

  27. Mac OS X • New GUI called Aqua • Better multitasking • Based on NeXT OS OpenStep • Raised the bar on graphical embellishment of the interface • Included a true CLI

  28. Rest of Class • Continue working on your Term Paper subjects • I’ll meet with each of you individually to talk about them and finalize the subject

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