1. Define important words in this chapter

1. 1. Define important words in this chapter • acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • the final stage of HIV infection, in which infections, tumors, and central nervous system symptoms appear due to a weakened immune system that is unable to fight infection. • autoimmune disease • a disease in which the body is unable to recognize its own tissue and begins to attack these tissues. • benign • non-cancerous. • biopsy • a removal of a sample of tissue for examination and diagnosis.

2. 1. Define important words in this chapter • breakthrough pain • a type of severe pain that happens unexpectedly in people who have cancer. • cancer • a general term used to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way. • homophobia • a fear of homosexuality. • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and gradually disables it; eventually causes AIDS.

3. 1. Define important words in this chapter • lymph • a clear yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes. • malignant • cancerous. • metastasize • to spread from one part of the body to another. • opportunistic infection • an illness caused by microorganisms due to a person’s inability to fight infection.

4. 1. Define important words in this chapter • remission • the disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer or other diseases; can be temporary or permanent. • tumor • a group of abnormally-growing cells.

5. 2. Explain the structure and function of the immune and lymphatic systems • Remember these points about the immune system: • Protects the body from harmful substances • Non-specific immunity is present at birth and protects the body from disease in general. • Specific immunity is acquired by the body and manufactures antibodies as a response to an antigen in the body. • With active immunity, vaccines cause the body to produce antibodies to protect against a particular disease. • With passive immunity, a person is given the antibodies needed to defend against the antigen.

6. Transparency 24-1: The Lymphatic System

7. 2. Explain the structure and function of the immune and lymphatic systems • Define the following term: • lymph • a clear yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes.

8. 2. Explain the structure and function of the immune and lymphatic systems • Remember these points about the lymphatic system: • Removes excess fluids and waste products from the tissues • Helps the immune system fight infection • Thymus gland makes T-cells, which attack and destroy specific types of pathogens.

9. 2. Explain the structure and function of the immune and lymphatic systems • Review the functions of the immune and lymphatic systems: • Protect against the invasion of foreign substances and pathogens • Return extra fluid to the circulatory system

10. 3. Discuss changes in the immune and lymphatic systems due to aging • Normal changes of aging in the immune and lymphatic systems: • Immune system weakens, causing increased risk of all types of infections. • Antibody response slows. • T-cells decrease in number. • Response to vaccine decreases.

11. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Define the following terms: • acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • the final stage of HIV infection, in which infections, tumors, and central nervous system symptoms appear due to a weakened immune system that is unable to fight infection. • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and gradually disables it; eventually causes AIDS.

12. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Remember these points about HIV and AIDS: • HIV attacks the body’s immune system and damages or destroys cells. • Cause: HIV virus acquired through blood or body fluids from an infected person • AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.

13. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Know the most common methods of transmission of HIV: • Unprotected or poorly-protected oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected person • Sharing drug needles or syringes • Transmission from infected mother to newborn during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding

14. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • REMEMBER: • In a healthcare setting, infections can be spread through accidental contact with contaminated body fluids, needles or other sharp objects, or contaminated supplies or equipment.

15. Handout 24-1: Myths About HIV and AIDS

16. Handout 24-1: Myths About HIV and AIDS (cont’d.)

17. Handout 24-1: Myths About HIV and AIDS (cont’d.)

18. Handout 24-1: Myths About HIV and AIDS (cont’d.)

19. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Remember that these common activities do not spread HIV: • Hugging another person • Shaking hands • Sitting on a toilet seat • Drinking water from a drinking fountain • Touching a doorknob, telephone, table, or chair • Using drinking glasses or dishes of infected person • Being bitten by mosquitoes

20. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Know these ways to protect against the spread of HIV/AIDS: • Practice Standard Precautions on every person in your care. • Be careful with handling and disposing of sharps. • Cover any cuts, sores, tears, breaks, or rashes before caring for residents. • Never share needles or syringes. • Do not have unprotected sex. • Stay in a monogamous relationship. • Practice abstinence. • Get tested for HIV and re-tested if necessary.

21. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Know the signs and symptoms of HIV infections and AIDS: • Flu-like symptoms • Headaches • Loss of appetite • Weight loss • Night sweats • Shaking, chills

22. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Signs and symptoms of HIV infections and AIDS (cont’d.): • Dry cough • Shortness of breath • Swollen lymph nodes • Sore throat • Cold sores or fever blisters on lips • Mouth sores

23. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Signs and symptoms of HIV infections and AIDS (cont’d.): • White patches on the mouth or tongue • Cauliflower-like warts on the skin or in mouth • Bleeding, inflamed gums • Yeast infections • Skin rashes or sores • Bruising that does not go away

24. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Signs and symptoms of HIV infections and AIDS (cont’d.): • Dry skin • Nausea and vomiting • Blurred vision • Memory loss

25. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Define the following term: • opportunistic infection • an illness caused by microorganisms due to a person’s inability to fight infection.

26. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • REMEMBER: • People with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS may get opportunistic infections, or diseases that a healthy person would be able to fight off. Lack of treatment for HIV/AIDS increases the risk of serious complications and death from the disease.

27. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Define the following term: • autoimmune disease • a disease in which the body is unable to recognize its own tissue and begins to attack these tissues.

28. 4. Describe a common disorder of the immune system • Know these points about autoimmune diseases: • The body is unable to recognize its own tissue and attacks it. • Examples: systemic lupus erythematosis and rheumatoid arthritis • Cause: unknown, but may be genetic links, microorganisms or medications that act as triggers • Signs and symptoms: fever, fatigue, dizziness • Treatment: hormone supplements, medications, blood transfusions, insulin

29. 5. Discuss infection prevention guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • REMEMBER: • It is very important to follow Standard Precautions with every single resident in your care. If you do this, there should be no difference in the care given to a resident with HIV/AIDS and care given to any other resident.

30. 5. Discuss infection prevention guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Know these infection prevention guidelines for HIV/AIDS: • Follow proper infection prevention procedures and Standard Precautions with all residents. • Wear appropriate PPE. • Cover all broken skin with appropriate bandages before giving care. • Wash hands and other areas of body immediately after contact with blood or body fluids.

31. 5. Discuss infection prevention guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Infection prevention guidelines for HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Handle and dispose of sharps carefully. • Remind residents and visitors to wash their hands often. • Do not share residents’ personal items. • Properly disinfect surfaces.

32. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Define the following term: • homophobia • a fear of homosexuality.

33. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Remember these care guidelines for HIV/AIDS: • Wash hands often and help residents wash hands. • Disinfect surfaces often. • Protect resident from people having known contagious diseases. • Change linen whenever it is soiled. • Observe for skin breakdown. • Change positions every two hours, or as directed

34. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Care guidelines for HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Give back rubs for comfort. • Monitor vital signs often. • Allow rest and recognize limitations. • Ambulate carefully. • Allow time for ADLs. • Perform ROM exercises as ordered.

35. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Care guidelines for HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Give quality mouth care frequently. • Use soft toothbrushes or swabs for oral care. • Report if resident is not eating or not enjoying food. • Encourage residents to follow their special diets. • Encourage fluids. • Give small meals throughout day or BRAT, BRATY, or BRATT diet for nausea and diarrhea.

36. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Care guidelines for HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Carefully measure weight and I&O. • Offer a trip to the bathroom or bedpan as often as needed. • Encourage independence. • Give emotional support. Some people avoid a person with AIDS due to homophobia. • Be aware of other support systems.

37. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Report any of these symptoms of HIV/AIDS to the nurse: • Loss of appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea • Weight loss • Reduced intake of fluids • Mouth sores or discomfort • Dysphagia

38. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Report any of these symptoms of HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Bleeding from anywhere on the body • Bruising of skin • Pressure ulcers • Cracks, breaks, rashes, lumps, or sores on the skin • Blood in stool

39. 6. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with HIV/AIDS • Report any of these symptoms of HIV/AIDS (cont’d.): • Changes in vital signs • Nervousness, withdrawal, severe mood swings, depression • Behavior that puts resident or others at risk, suicidal thoughts or comments

40. 7. Describe cancer • Define the following terms: • cancer • a general term used to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way. • tumor • a group of abnormally-growing cells. • benign • non-cancerous. • malignant • cancerous. • metastasize • to spread from one part of the body to another.

41. 7. Describe cancer Cancer usually occurs in the form of a tumor that grows on or within the human body. Tumors are either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Cancer can act in different ways. It can metastasize, or spread, to other areas of the body.

42. 7. Describe cancer • Know the risk factors for cancer: • Age • Race • Gender • Family history • Tobacco use

43. 7. Describe cancer • Risk factors for cancer (cont’d.): • Alcohol use • Poor diet/obesity • Lack of exercise • Chemicals and food additives • Radiation • Sun exposure

44. 7. Describe cancer • Understand the signs of cancer, as defined by the American Cancer Society: • Fever • Fatigue • Unexplained weight loss • Pain • Skin changes

45. 7. Describe cancer • Signs of cancer (cont’d.): • New mole or change in appearance of existing mole or wart • Change in bowel/bladder function • Sore that does not heal • Unusual bleeding/discharge • Any thickening in breast, scrotum, or other areas

46. 7. Describe cancer • Signs of cancer (cont’d.): • Indigestion, difficulty swallowing • Nagging cough or hoarseness

47. 7. Describe cancer • Define the following term: • biopsy • a removal of a sample of tissue for examination and diagnosis.

48. 7. Describe cancer • A diagnosis of cancer is made after various tests, such as a biopsy, have been performed. A biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue for examination and diagnosis. • After the diagnosis of cancer is made, the treatment plan is developed. Treatment is based on whether or not the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, or metastasized.

49. 7. Describe cancer • There are various treatments for cancer, and they are often used in combination: • Surgery • Radiation therapy • Chemotherapy • Hormone therapy • Immunotherapy

50. 8. Discuss care guidelines for a resident with cancer • Remember these skin care guidelines for residents with cancer: • Observe skin to prevent pressure ulcers. • Change position every two hours or as directed. • Follow special skin care orders exactly. • Use special mattresses or pads in beds and chairs to reduce risk of pressure ulcers.