To Become a Nation: The American Revolution and Canada

1. “How did an independent U.S. pave the way to Canadian nationhood?” “How did representative government come about?” To Become a Nation:The American Revolution and Canada 8-26: Group One

2. The Thirteen Colonies • British colonies founded between 1608 and 1732 • Proclaimed independence from Britain on July 4, 1776, A.K.A. Independence Day • Three groupings: • New England: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island • Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey • Southern Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia

3. The Acts and Taxation • The Sugar (1764), Stamp (1765), Townshend (1767), and Tea Acts (1773) were periods of time that the British: -Demanded stamps on legal documents and newspapers -Imposed taxes on sugar, molasses, glass, tea, silk, paper, paint, and lead -Gave the sole right to sell tea to the East Indian Company, led Boston to close all shipping until the destroyed tea was paid for • These acts caused anger because the colonists had to pay more money to Great Britain because of war and army expenses

4. The Acts and Taxation Sugar Act protest Tax and Stamp Act documents

5. The Acts and Taxation • The Intolerable Acts (1774) included the Quebec Act because is gave Quebec control of the largest piece of land in British N.A. • The colonists boycotted British goods and began to form an army • The elected representatives did not stand up for the colonists’ rights, and they were taxed without their opinions heard • They felt like the government was attempting to stunt the colonists’ expansion • Protests led to American Revolution

6. The American Revolution • Revolting of the Thirteen Colonies caused by the taxing the colonists without their rights in mind • The people of Quebec and Nova Scotia stayed loyal to Britain, rather than fight for independence • Also called the War of Independence • Nova Scotia citizens did not join the rebellion with Americans; they were called Neutral Yankees and did not oppose Britain • The “failure” of the revolution kept Canada under British rule Uniforms in the War of Independence

7. Refugee Migration: The Loyalists • For a decade after 1776, refugees (the Loyalists/Tories) come to Quebec and Nova Scotia to avoid prosecution from rebellious Americans in American Revolution • Many kinds of Loyalists (people who stayed loyal to Britain) • Came from the Thirteen Colonies to British North America (Quebec and Nova Scotia) to avoid danger from Patriots (people who rebelled) • Here, they stayed mainly in: Halifax, Shelburne, and the St. John River Valley • New Brunswick, the new colony, was created in 1784 • Colonized by immigrants of St. John River Valley who needed resources, land, and ports

8. Refugee Migration: The Loyalists (Left) Drawing depicting the Loyalists and their devotion to Britain (Right) Loyalists beginning to migrate

9. Refugee Migration: The Loyalists • Those from St. John River Valley wanted a new colony, New Brunswick, because : -They felt treated unfairly -They lived with those who had not suffered and chose sides -The area of the St. John River was filled with possibilities • The government agreed; -If Nova Scotia split, there would be a governor in each of the colonies; the governor of Halifax didn't need to govern a far-away place -It meant new government positions for Loyalists -A Loyalist colony by the American border could stop ideas of rebellion in remaining North American colonies

10. The Constitutional Act • Took place in 1791and meant to show bicultural nature of Quebec and make British and French satisfied • Divided Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada colonies, giving them representative government

11. The War of 1812 CAUSES • European posts blockaded as a result of the Seven Years War; Neutral Americans upset because they couldn’t deliver cargo • The British wouldn’t treat Americans equal and didn’t see them as a full sovereign nation • If Americans gained control over British North America, they would gain them as allies to the Native people who resisted the American movements westward • Called the “war that nobody won” A scene of the War of 1812

12. June 1812-United States declares war on Britain July-U.S. army enters Upper Canada July-British capture fort Michilimackinac October-Battle of Queenston Heights. Americans lose Heights April 1813-Americans capture York, capital of Upper Canada September-British naval power on Lake Erie destroyed October- Battle of Thames River results in American win. Indian British ally Tecumseh killed October-4000 American troops retreat from 1000 British and Canadians December-Americans burn town of Newark July 1814- Battle of Lundy’s Lane. No victory, but Americans retreated Summer-British occupy Washington for one day. President’s mansion scorched and repainted white (the White House) December- Treaty of Ghent; American’s territory returned January 1815-Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson unaware of Treaty signing Key Events of the War of 1812

13. LONG TERM EFFECTS American immigrants discouraged from coming to B.N.A. The war stabilized the 49th parallel, A.K.A. the Canada-U.S. border Rush-Bagot Agreement demilitarized the Great Lakes America respected as separate nation by Britain, not just colonies Some unity in Canada; French and British fight together Maritime colonies prosper The War of 1812 (Left) Treaty of Ghent (Below) Then flag of U.S. 13 stars for 13 states

14. James Cook October 27, 1728-February 14, 1779 Made three voyages in the name of Britain Explored the coast of New Zealand, Australia, Tahiti and Hawaii. George Vancouver June 22, 1757-May 12, 1798 Explored and mapped the Pacific coast that touches Canada and Alaska Spanish abandoned piece of land which gave control of fur trade Explorers of Western Canada • These men discovered Western portions of Canada while looking for furs and a Northwest Passage from Eastern N. America to the Pacific. • This helped us (Canada) to have the land that we do now before it was claimed by another country

15. Explorers of Western Canada George Vancouver James Cook

16. Simon Fraser May 20, 1776-August 18, 1862 Built first trading posts in present British Columbia area David Thompson April 30, 1770-February 10, 1857 English-Canadian cartographer and explorer Set up numerous fur-trading posts on Columbia River Nor’Westers: Men of the North West Company • These two men explored the area around British Columbia and west of the Rockies. • Like the men earlier mentioned, they helped to established lands in the name of Britain and Canada

17. Nor’Westers: Men of the North West Company Simon Fraser David Thompson