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Explore the foundations of American history from John Locke's ideas to the U.S. Constitution and beyond, including the Enlightenment, Reconstruction, Industrial Revolution, political machines, social reforms, and suffrage movements. Gain insight into the significant events that helped shape the nation.
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Benchmark # 1 Review Bring a #2 pencil to class tomorrow
John Locke • Representative government • Consent of governed • Natural “unalienable” rights • U.S. declaration of independence • Life, liberty, property • Ideas followed by Thomas Jefferson • Enlightenment • Truth vs. faith • Caused people to question traditional authority • Monarchy & Religion
Constitution and Bill of Rights • The great compromise • Brought equal representation by combining two plans for government that small and large states agreed with • Checks and balances • Flexible, can change • Supreme law of land • Above all other laws • 1st 10 amendments (BofR) • Protect personal freedoms
Supreme court, civil war, reconstruction • Supreme Court under John Marshal • SC could review constitutionality of state and federal laws • Because of CW • Northern economy expanded and became more prosperous than ever • Reconstruction • Led to disenfranchisement of most AA in the south, their rights are taken away through poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clause
The Jungle • Helped pass meat inspection act • Factories • Dangerous difficult jobs • Factor that limited growth of labor unions • Employers were hostile efforts to organize • Sherman Anti trust to limit labor activities • Majority of early immigrants settled in cities • Jobs • Irish immigrants were persecuted because they were catholic
Mormons and Jews also persecuted because of religion • Indust. Rev. • More people settled in NE & midwest • Factories built near waterways • North had more factories because they had a short agricultural season • Anti-immigration (nativism) • Competition for jobs • Americanization movement to make them more American
Political Machines • Corrupt, election fraud, graft, friend of immigrants • Muckrakers • Exposed corruption of U.S. society • Monopolies • Take away competition, bad for consumers • Gov’t stance on economy of late 1800s • Laissez-faire capitalism- no gov’t interference
Assembly Line • Ford, increased efficiency in production • International trade • Because U.S. had surplus of goods because IR • New markets to sell to and get raw materials from • Gov’t placed tariffs on imports to protect U.S. business • Social Darwinism • Overcome and eliminate weaker competition
Reform movement • Inspired settlement houses • Jane Adams’ Hull House • Social Gospel • Reconstruct U.S. society • Along with social Darwinism • Tried to address social conditions of an industrial society
Populist Party • Farmers & workers • Supported public ownership of RR to help small farmers • Opposed switching to gold standard • It would tighten money, and limit access to money for farmers and workers • Goal: • For gov’t to be more efficient and responsive to public needs
Suffrage- Women’s right to vote • Suffragettes- women who wanted the right o vote • Interstate Commerce Commission • During Roosevelt’s term, power to regulate RR rates • Puritan views and attitudes, hard work for common goals
Religious Revivals • Revival meetings were held outside, lasted for days, and included emotional sermons. • 1st Great Awakening- spread through colonies, led to questioning of traditional authority • 2nd Great Awakening- inspire people to try to reform society • Establishment clause of 1st amendment • Prohibits the gov’t from establishing a state religion
2nd GA and Social Gospel were similar • Both were concerned with improving society • Reason 1st amendment was added to constitution • To protect citizens from gov’t interference in religion • Many different religions exist in U.S. because of immigration and religious freedom…as a result more people are members of non-Christian religions now