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Fallacies

Fallacies. What are they?. Definition. There are over 100 fallacies They are illogical statements that demonstrate erroneous reasoning (sometimes intended-manipulation/ or not intended) They’re generally hurtful and distract from the argument

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Fallacies

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  1. Fallacies What are they?

  2. Definition • There are over 100 fallacies • They are illogical statements that demonstrate erroneous reasoning (sometimes intended-manipulation/ or not intended) • They’re generally hurtful and distract from the argument • Be careful because the fallacy is sometimes very subtle

  3. Fallacies • QA 56-58 • Hasty Generalization: drawing a conclusion from insufficient evidence • Either/Or: creates the false dilemma (binary) by limiting the choice to 2 alternatives when there are more options • False Authority (Appeal to an Expert): citing irrelevant information of an expert who isn’t an expert on the issue/subject

  4. Fallacies contd. • False Analogy: comparing two disparate things when the comparison is invalid. • False Cause: claims that one event leads to another (but the events are unrelated) • Slipper Slope: arguments that suggest an event will precipitate the domino effect-ending in inevitable disaster.

  5. Fallacies contd. • Ad Hominem: attacking your opponent-their appearance, personal habits or character instead of dealing with the validity of the argument • Red Herring: fallacy of distraction which brings up unrelated/irrelevant issues to distract people from the truth.

  6. Fallacies contd. • Bandwagon (Appeal to Popularity): basing an argument on a popular belief and using this as proof that it’s valid. • Non Sequitur (Irrelevant argument): means “it does not follow”. The conclusion doesn’t follow the premise.

  7. Fallacies contd. • Begging the Question or (Circular Reasoning): the supporting reasons restate the claim. The argument paraphrases the same idea w/out evidence.

  8. Fallacies contd. • Death by a 1000 Qualifications: making a statement that might be true but using so many qualifiers that it becomes insignificant. • Many Questions: asking questions that subtly attacks opponent

  9. Fallacies contd. • Oversimplification: using absolute statements that might not be relevant-or presenting overly simplistic explanations when the issues is infinitely complex

  10. Fallacies contd. • Appeal to Ignorance: basing an argument on the lack of evidence. Have to present negative evidence to ‘prove’ something. • Appeal to Tradition: basing an argument on tradition

  11. Fallacies contd. • Protecting the Hypothesis: manipulating/mischaracterizing data to prove a point • Fallacy of Omission: conveniently leaving out relevant information that would weaken argument

  12. Fallacies contd. • Emotional Appeals: inciting fear, tradition, or pity to manipulate audience’s emotions rather than their reasoning • Equivocation/Slanted Language: biasing the reader by using word choices that have multiple connotations to manipulate your point.

  13. Fallacies contd. • Straw Man: using the ‘weakest’ points of opponents argument to mischaracterize their position

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