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International Diplomacy

International Diplomacy. International College Khon Kaen University 2011 Week 3 – Institutions of Diplomacy. Institutions of Diplomacy. The diplomatic machinery of each individual government consists of: Its ministry (or department) of foreign affairs

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International Diplomacy

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  1. International Diplomacy International College KhonKaen University 2011 Week 3 – Institutions of Diplomacy

  2. Institutions of Diplomacy • The diplomatic machinery of each individual government consists of: • Its ministry (or department) of foreign affairs • Its network of diplomatic missions in other countries • In addition to the machinery of individual governments, governments working closely with other governments form: • Regional inter-governmental organizations • Global (multilateral) inter-governmental organizations

  3. Institutions of Diplomacy • The third set of institutions of international diplomacy are the agreements, treaties, conventions and protocols which governments sign to regulate relations between them • These agreements can be bilateral (only two parties to the agreement), regional or global

  4. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Always located in the country’s capital city • Receives its instructions from the Minister of Foreign Affairs (a political position) • Vice Ministers, Deputy Ministers and Associate Ministers of Foreign Affairs may be political appointees, or senior officials • All other positions in the Ministry are filled by officials

  5. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Structure • Is headed by the most senior foreign affairs official, whose title may be: • The Secretary of Foreign Affairs • The Permanent Secretary of Foreign Affairs • The Chief Executive • The next tier of managers generally have the title of Deputy Secretary, then Assistant Secretary

  6. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Structure • Most ministries are divided into departments, or divisions • These are generally allocated geographical responsibilities (Southeast Asia, North Asia, Europe) or functional responsibilities (Protocol, Disarmament, Legal) • These departments or divisions are then further broken down into units or sections

  7. OrganisationChart Minister of Foreign Affairs Office of the Minister Permanent Secretary Deputy Permanent Secretary overseeing Foreign Service Support Deputy Permanent Secretary overseeing Bilateral Relations Deputy Permanent Secretary overseeeing Multilateral Relations Deputy Permanent Secretary overseeing Administration Department of International Economic Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Economic Information Div. (3) International Economic Policy Div. (4) Economic Relations and Cooperation Div. Departmentof International Organisations (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Social Div. (3) Development Affairs Div. (4) International Organisations’ Administrative Affairs Div. (5) Peace, Security and Disarmament Div. Department of Information (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Press Div. (3) News Div. (4) Cultural Relations Div. (5) Broadcasting Div. Department of Consular Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Protection of Thai Nationals Abroad Div. (3) Visa & Travel Documents Div. (4) Legalisation Div. (5) Passport Div. Department South Asian, Middle-East and African Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2)South Asian Div. (3) Middle East Div. (4) Africa Div. (5) Central Asia Group Office of Permanent Secretary (1) General Affairs Division (2) Human Capital Management Bureau (3) Finance Management Bureau (4) Asset Procurement and Management Bureau (5) Archives and Library Division (6) Information and Communications Technology Centre (7) Devawongse Varopakarn Institute of Foreign Affairs (8) Office of Policy and Planning - International Security Unit (9) Thailand’s Missions Abroad Department of East Asian Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Division 1 (3) Division 2 (4) Division 3 (5) Division 4 Department of American and South Pacific Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) North America Div. (3) Latin America Div. (4) South Pacific Div. Department of European Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Division 1 (EC &Western Europe) (3) Division 2 (Northern & Southern Europe) (4) Division 3 (Central &Eastern Europe) Department of Protocol (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Protocol Div. (3) Reception Div. (4) Diplomatic Privilege and Immunity Div. Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs (1) Dept. Secretary (2) Legal Affairs Div. (3)Treaty Div. (4) Boundary Div. (5) Int’l Laws Development Div. Department of ASEAN Affairs (1) Dept. Secretariat (2) Division 1 (3) Division 2 (4) Division 3 (5) Division 4 Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency

  8. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Functions • To implement the government’s foreign policy • To give advice to the government on foreign and trade policy • To promote and protect the country’s interests around the world, including: • political relations • economic and trade affairs • security • social and cultural affairs

  9. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Functions • To promote a good image of the country • To protect the rights and safety of the country’s citizens when traveling, working or living overseas • In some countries, the ministry also has responsibility for: • Managing the country’s program of official development assistance • Issuing passports to citizens

  10. Diplomatic Missions • A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one state, or an inter-governmental organization, representing that state in another state • A diplomatic mission is most often a permanent office, but can be a traveling delegation

  11. Permanent Missions • A permanent mission headed by an ambassador is called an embassy • Permanent missions between Commonwealth countries (the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, …) are called high commissions • Embassies and high commissions are almost always located in capital cities, as their “business” is with the central government of the country where they are located

  12. Permanent Missions • A permanent mission which is not in a capital city is called either a consulate-general or a consulate • These have a different role from embassies: their role is to assist citizens and businesses from the home country, and to issue visas • A consulate-general is headed by a consul-general, and a consulate by a consul • All permanent missions to the United Nations (ie. in New York, Geneva) are called simply permanent missions

  13. Diplomatic Rank • In an embassy the ranking of diplomatic officials is as follows: • Ambassador, or Permanent Representative • Minister • Counselor • First Secretary • Second Secretary • Third Secretary • Attache

  14. Diplomatic Rank • In a consulate the ranking of officials is as follows: • Consul-General • Consul • Attache • Attaches are most often officials from home government departments other than the Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Thus we often see military attaches, police attaches, tourism attaches and trade commissioners attached to both embassies and consulates

  15. International Organizations • The state is, and has been for 350 years, the primary actor in the international system • But international governance is increasingly being conducted through regional and global organizations • Diplomacy is increasingly about advancing each country’s foreign policy through negotiations in regional and global organizations • Agreements negotiated in these organizations come to form part of international law

  16. Intergovernmental Organizations • There are two main types of international organization: • Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) • Non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) • Because this course is about diplomacy and the relationships between states, we will concentrate on IGOs • Only national governments can be full members of IGOs

  17. Intergovernmental Organizations

  18. Intergovernmental Organizations • The modern network of IGOs is the result of many forces: • the idea that humans should live in peace and mutual support • the idea that the major powers have a special responsibility for maintaining order • increased economic interdependence • the growing importance of transnational issues • the need for specialized IGOs to deal with a wide range of non-political issues • technology (including weapons technology)

  19. Intergovernmental Organizations • The growth in both the number and the role of IGOs is a symptom of our more interconnected, more globalized and shrinking world • Diplomacy is no longer just about advancing the interests of the state which employs a diplomat, but about the survival and dignity of every person on the planet

  20. Intergovernmental Organizations • Some people favor moving towards an international system where IGOs and NGOs would constitute some form of world government to replace or modify the present state-controlled system • A variation of this scenario is a network of regional governmental organizations • At present most diplomats work for their home governments – but a growing number of diplomats are working for IGOs

  21. Regional IGOs • Along with the growing focus of international diplomacy on global issues, the focus on regional issues and cooperation is also growing • With few exceptions, the nation state is simply too small and ineffective to deal with many of the issues affecting welfare and security in the 21st century

  22. Regional IGOs • The majority of regional IGOs at the present time focus on one of two issues: • Security • Economic cooperation and integration • In addition, many global IGOs have regional offices to implement/deliver their programs in that region • In Southeast Asia, many of these are located in Bangkok

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