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The French Revolution: Reign of Terror and Thermidorian Reaction

Discover why the French Revolution continued past 1791, exploring the Reign of Terror, Jacobin Rule, and Thermidorian Reaction. Learn about key figures and events that shaped this tumultuous period in history.

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The French Revolution: Reign of Terror and Thermidorian Reaction

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  1. France: 1791-1795 Legislative Assembly National Convention Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction

  2. Why didn’t the French Revolution end with the creation of a new Constitution and Government in 1791? What factors prevented the resolution of the revolutionary fervor?

  3. Why?: International Phase • Emigres abroad • Girondins (party of international revolution) • Marquis de Condorcet • Declare war on Austria April 1792 Expansion (Avignon, German lands) • Treaty of Pillnitz (Prussian allies with Austria) • Conservatism – Edmund Burke • Reflections on the Revolution in France

  4. The Political Spectrum TODAY: 1790s: The Plain(swing votes) Montagnards(“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen(Royalists) Jacobins Source: Susan Pojer HGHS

  5. European Reaction

  6. The Jacobins Robespierre Sans-Culottes: Parisian Working class

  7. Paris Commune – Aug 1792 • Revolutionary municipal government • Demanded greater democracy • September Massacres (prompted by propaganda) • Worsening economic conditions fueled civil unrest • Losses on the battlefield (Brunswick Manifesto- July 1792) stirred patriotic excitement

  8. The National Convention: 1792-1794 Girondin Rule Jacobin Rule Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction The Directory 1795-1799 The Radical “Second” French Revolution: Overview

  9. What sparked the radical turn of the French Revolution in 1792?

  10. “The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David, 1793

  11. The Assassination of Maratby Charlotte Corday Paul JacquesAimeeBaudry, 19c

  12. National Convention 1792-1795

  13. January 1793 Marie Executed in October 1793 Executed the King and Queen

  14. New Government, Again! • New Constitution • National Convention • “real” democratic reforms • Universal male suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of all manorial policies (as liberal as it will become!) • Military Success (Levee in Masse) • Differing views intenstify

  15. Maximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794) The Incorruptible? To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency; to forgive them is barbarity.” — Maximilien Robespierre, 1794

  16. Georges Danton

  17. Reign of Terror: 9.1793 - 7.1794 Committee of Public Safety (12 members) • Revolutionary Courts • Guillotine • De-Christianization (New Calendar) • Law of General Maximum: Economic Controls • Law of Suspects: restrictions liberties (speech, press, assembly) Gave republicanism a bad name!

  18. Temple of Reason

  19. The Reign of Terror “Let terror be the order of the day!” “The government in a revolution is the despotism of liberty against tyranny. “ • Estimates have … • 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), • another 25,000 in summary executions across France.

  20. Different Social Classes Executed 7% 8% 28% 25% 31%

  21. Thermidorian Reaction • July 1794 • Executed Robespierre and 83 associates • Began the reversal radical democratic policies (universal male suffrage, abolition of slavery) • Established the Directory in October 1795 Enter Napoleon…

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