1. Randomized AlgorithmsCS648 Lecture 15 Randomized Incremental Construction (building the background)

2. Partition Theorem A set of events ,…,defined over a probability space (,P) is said to induce a partition of if • = • =∅for all Partition Theorem: B Ω This theorem solves many difficult problems magically. But one needs some experience in order to apply it effectively. You will realize it soon. • P(B)= ) • )∙ )

3. problem 1find-min Problem

4. Find-Min algorithm Find-Min(A[1..]) {  A[1]; For to do { if ( ?? ) ?? } return ; } Question:If elements of A are permuted randomly uniformly, what is the expected number of times variable is updated ? : no. of times is updated.  A[]  A[] ; ?? A 8 5 16 11 32 4 57 6 19 82 7 42 2 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

5. Find-Min algorithm First elements = Probability that A[] is smaller than {A[],…, A[]} Notations: • : set of all subsets of A of size . • For any , : first elements of A are (some permutation of) . Using Partition Theorem, = Though this equation is perfectly correct, you won’t be able to proceed from this point onwards to find. Can you find the reason behind its uselessness ? A 12…

6. problem 2Closest Pair of Points

7. Closest Pair of Points Problem Definition: Given a set of points in plane, compute the pair of points with minimum Euclidean distance. Deterministic algorithms: • O() : Trivial algorithm • O() : Divide and Conquer based algorithm Randomized algorithm: • O() : Randomized Incremental Construction based algorithm

8. Notations and assumptions Notations: • : set of points in plane. • Coordinates of each point are positive integers. • distance(,) : Euclidean distance between and . Assumption: • Distance between each pair of points is distinct.

9. A discrete math exercise Exercise: What is the maximum number of points that can be placed in a unit square such that the minimum distance is at least 1 ? Answer:4. This exercise is used is deterministic algorithm as well the randomized algorithm that we shall discuss now. If there are more than 4 points, at least one of the four small squares will have more than 1 points. 1

10. Overview of the randomized algorithm • Incremental algorithm: starts with a set of 2 points, computes their distance; inserts 3rd point and updates the closest pair distance; inserts 4th point and updates the closest pair distance; … • Uses an efficient data structure, called Grid, to facilitate efficient processing during ith step: - To determine if ith point is going to change the closest pair distance.

11. Grid() A data structure with operations: • Locate_cell(,): Locates the cell to which belongs. • Report_points(,): Report all points belonging to cell . • Insert_point(,): Insert point in grid . • Build_Grid(): Build grid forwith parameter. : set of points : distance between closest pair of points in .

12. Grid() The following time bounds are possible. Excluding Insert_point()operation, show as a homework, that we can achieve all other bounds using static hashing discussed in this course.

13. Closest Pair of Points Closest-pair-algorithm() Let <,,…, > be a uniformly random permutation of ;  distance(,); Build_Grid(,); For to do { Step 1: locate the cell of the grid containing ; Step 2: find the point closest to ; let = distance(, ); Step 3: If ; Insert(,); Else ;  Build_Grid(,); } return ;

14. th iteration We just need to insert 

15. th iteration We need to rebuild the grid 

16. th iteration

17. Analysis of th iteration Closest-pair-algorithm() Let <,,…, > be a uniformly random permutation of ;  distance(,); Build_Grid(,); For to do { Step 1: locate the cell of the grid containing ; Step 2: find the point closest to ; let = distance(, ); Step 3: If ; Insert(,); Else ;  Build_Grid(,); } return ; O(1) O(1) O(1) for constant

18. running time of th iteration : running time of th iteration E[] = ?? Question: What is ? depends upon which depends upon the first points. So we need to use Partition theorem to calculate . O(1) + ∙

19. Calculating Notations: • : set of all subsets of of size. • For any , : first points are (some permutation of) . = Though this equation is perfectly correct, you won’t be able to proceed from this point onwards to find Can you find the reason behind its uselessness ?

20. Homework Exercise • Investigate the cause of problem in our forwardanalysis for each of the two problems. • Try to find alternate approach for analysis. (Backward analysis  ) • Provide efficient implementation of Grid data structure. I am hopeful that at least one of you will reinvent this technique on his/her own before next class.