Malaysian Economy Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

1. Malaysian EconomyBachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Professor Dr. Ahmad Bin Othman School of Business and Management University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS) 96000 Sibu, Sarawak

2. Today’s Agenda (Week #7) Education and human capital formation Malaysia’s education system in historical perspective Financing education Expansion in education: meeting quantitative targets Quality issues in education

3. Education System History of

4. Basic Facts • Malaysia’s education system – predominantly State controlled and financed. • The school system – 6-3-2-2 • Education policy – based on 1956 Razak Report. It called for state controlled, financed and unified with a common national curriculum. • University and University College Act 1971, Amendments to AUKU 1995. Private Higher Education Institutions Act 1996 • Education Act 1995 – aimed to enhance all round quality education • 2004 MoHE was established to direct and regulate public and private higher education system

6. The 6-3-2-2 System STPM Examination Post-secondary Education (2) SPM Examination Upper Secondary Education (2) PMR Examination Lower Secondary Education (3) UPSR Examination Primary Education (6) Pre-school Education

7. EDUCATION Pre-School Attendance in a pre-school program is not universal and generally only affluent families can afford to send their children to private, for-profit pre-schools.

8. Primary Education There are two main types of public primary schools in Malaysia: national (Sekolah Kebangsaan in Malay, abbreviated as SK) and national-type (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, abbreviated as SJK). National-type schools are further divided into Chinese national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina, SJK(C)) and Tamil national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, SJK(T)).

9. Primary education begins at the age of 7 and ends at 12. Students are promoted to the next year regardless of their academic performance (poor curriculum induced). By degree of government funding, national schools are government-operated, while national-type schools are mostly government-assisted, though some are government-operated.

10. Primary education consists of six years of education, referred to as Year 1 to Year 6 (also known as Standard 1 to Standard 6). Year 1 to Year 3 are classified as Level One (TahapSatu) while Year 4 to Year 6 are considered as Level Two (TahapDua). From 1996 until 2000, the PenilaianTahapSatu (PTS) or the Level One Evaluation was administered to Year 3 students. Excellence in this test allowed students to skip Year 4 and attend Year 5 instead.

11. Secondary Education Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years. National secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of instruction. • The only exceptions are the Mathematics and Science subjects as well as languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in the year 2003.

12. Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types: National Secondary School (SekolahMenengahKebangsaan) Religious Secondary School (SekolahMenengah Agama) National-Type Secondary School (SekolahMenengahJenisKebangsaan) Technical Schools (SekolahMenengahTeknik) Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (MaktabRendahSains MARA).

13. Pre-University After the SPM, students from public secondary school would have a choice of either studying Form 6 or the matriculation (pre-university). If they are accepted to continue studying in Form 6, they will also take the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (which is usually abbreviated as STPM) or Malaysian Higher School Certificate examination

14. Form 6 consists of two years of study Lower 6 (Tingkatan Enam Rendah) Upper 6 (Tingkatan Enam Atas) • Although it is generally taken by those desiring to attend public universities in Malaysia, it is internationally recognised and may also be used, though rarely required, to enter private local universities for undergraduate courses.

15. Tertiary education Tertiary Eduication is heavily subsidised by the government. Applicants to public universities must have completed the Malaysia matriculation programme or have an STPM grade. Excellence in these examinations does not guarantee a place in a public university.

16. The classification of tertiary education in Malaysia is organised upon the Malaysian Qualifications Framework (MQF) which seeks to set up a unified system of post secondary qualifications offered on a national basis both in the vocational as well as higher educational sectors.

17. Some foreign universities and colleges have also set up branch campuses in Malaysia, including: Monash University, Australia. The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom SAE Institute, Australia Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Curtin University of Technology, Australia Raffles Design Institute, Singapore

18. Postgraduate programmes Postgraduate degrees such as the Master of Business Administration (MBA) and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are becoming popular and are offered by both the public universities and the private colleges. All public and most private universities in Malaysia offer Master of Science degrees either through coursework or research and Doctor of Philosophy degrees through research.

19. Vocational programmes and polytechnics schools Besides the university degrees, students also have the option of continuing their education in professional courses such as the courses offered by the ICSA (Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators) etc. Polytechnics in Malaysia provide courses for diploma level (3 years) and certificate level (2 years).

20. Other types of Schools Islamic religious schools Chinese independent high schools International schools

21. LALUAN PENDIDIKAN / KERJAYA

22. KERANGKA PROGRAM DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA 10% 70% 20% Usahawan Alam Perkerjaan Melanjut Pelajaran TAHUN 4 • CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM • SyaratKemasukan Am : • Guna CGPA 2.00 (Selepas Semester 4) • Syarat2 khususInsaniah (20%), Vokasional (80%) • Elemen PBE, SE dan OJT • Kemahirankebolehkerjaan/Employability Skills TAHUN 3 OJT – 3 Bulan PROGRAM DIPLOMA TAHUN 2 PBE MINIMUM 90 KREDIT MINIMUM 2 TAHUN CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM : Selepas tamat tahun 2, LP akan anugerah Sijil Vokasional Malaysia (SVM) kepada semua pelajar. • LP iktiraf setara dengan SPM (B.Melayu) • 5 M/Pelajaran Akademik lain • Modul-Modul Vokasional • Modul Employability Skills • Akademik (30 %) Vokasional (70 %) Tahap sijil yang diperolehi menentukan sama ada pelajar layak ke program diploma atau program Kemahiran yang lebih tinggi TAHUN 1 CORE ABILITIES PROGRAM PERSEDIAAN PRA-DIPLOMA SIJIL VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA MENJADI SYARAT KEMASUKAN DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA

24. TABLE 1 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE LABOUR FORCE, 1990-2000 ( ‘000 persons ) 1990 % 2000 % Level of Education Primary 2,380.2 33.8 2,607.9 27.4 Lower & Middle Secondary 4,042.1 57.4 5,571.8 58.7 Tertiary 619.7 8.8 1,319.3 13.9

25. PROFILE OF LABOUR FORCE, 1990-2010 ‘000 persons 1990 % 2000 % 2010 % Total Labour Force 7,042.0 9,572.5 12,939.6 Age Distribution 100.0 100.0 100.0 15-24 2,014.0 28.6 2,498.3 26.1 3,112.2 24.1 25-34 2,204.1 31.3 2,979.2 31.1 4,118.9 31.8 35-54 2,436.5 34.6 3,611.3 37.7 4,995.5 38.6 55-64 387.4 5.5 483.7 5.1 713.1 5.5 Educational Structure 100.0 100.0 100.0 Primary 2,380.2 33.8 2,604.3 27.2 1,643.3 12.7 Lower & Middle Secondary 4,042.1 57.4 5,624.5 58.8 6,767.4 52.3 Tertiary 619.7 8.8 1,343.7 14.0 4,528.9 35.0 Labour Force Participation Rate 65.3 65.5 68.1 ( % ) Male 85.6 85.4 86.4 Female 44.1 44.5 49.0

26. Emphasis on Maths and Science In 1967, Higher Education Planning Commission emphasized the critical importance of Science and technology education at tertiary level Therefore – set long-term targets • Higher education to have enrolment ration – 60% arts & 40% science • 20% of relevant age group to be provided with facilities for HE. Later – the target changed – 40% arts & 60% science Achievement – 2000, 27.7% science

27. Malaysian Qualifications Framework • The Malaysia Qualification Agency (MQA) was established in 2007 – to ensure academic • standards and teaching quality. • Malaysian Qualifications Framework was introduced consisting of eight levels – • Level 1 – 3 = Skills certificates • Level 4 – Diploma • Level 5 – Advanced diploma • Level 6 – Bachelor degree and Graduate certificate & graduate diploma • Level 7 – Master degree and Postgraduate certificate & postgraduate diploma • Level 8 – Doctoral degree

28. Malaysian Qualifications Framework Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL)

29. Malaysian Qualifications Framework

30. Education Financing

31. Financing Education Table 1: Public expenditure on education, 2005-2008

32. Table 2: Development Expenditure for Education (RM Million)

33. TABLE 2 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN EDUCATION AND TERTIARY ENROLMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES ( % ) Public Expenditure on Education 1996 Tertiary Enrolment (of population 20-24 years, 1993 Country Australia 5.5 42 Canada 6.9 103 China 2.3 4 India 3.2 6 Ireland 6.0 34 Japan 3.6 30 South Korea 3.7 48 5.2 25 Malaysia New Zealand 7.3 58 Singapore 3.0 38 United Kingdom 5.3 37 United States 5.4 81 Source: The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 1998, 2000 1 Note : Refers to year 2000 and age cohort 17-23 years.

34. TABLE 3 PUBLIC SECTOR R&D EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES R&D Expenditure Scientists and Engineers Country ( % of GDP ) ( per million population ) 1998 1985-1995 Australia 1.7 3,166 Canada 1.6 2,656 China 0.7 350 India 0.7 149 Ireland 1.5 1,871 Japan 2.9 6,309 South Korea 2.7 2,636 1 Malaysia 0.4 500 New Zealand 1.0 1,778 Singapore 1.8 2,728 United Kingdom 1.9 2,417 United States 2.5 3,732 Sources : The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2000 World Development Report, 1999/2000 1 Note : Refers to preliminary figures for year 1998

35. You Thank