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Understanding the First Amendment and Its Impact on Mass Communication

This lecture, part of the CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication course by Professor Walters, explores the First Amendment, emphasizing its guarantee of freedoms such as speech, press, and assembly. The discussion includes the evolution of news, from the invention of the telegraph to the role of journalists in determining newsworthiness. Additionally, the lecture examines typical American values in journalism, perceptions of bias, variables affecting news coverage, and the influence of corporate policy and competition on media narratives.

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Understanding the First Amendment and Its Impact on Mass Communication

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  1. News CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  2. The First Amendment “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  3. The First Amendment “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  4. The First Amendment “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  5. The First Amendment “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  6. Associated Press -- http://www.ap.org/ • In 1844 Samuel Morse had invented the telegraph. • AP was started in 1848 – N.Y. papers sharing stories • By 1861, the Civil War was major continuing story. • “The Inverted Pyramid” – tell the most important information first, in case the telegraph wires were cut before the story was complete: • Who • What • Where • When CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  7. What is news? • Chet Huntley: “News is what I decide is news.” • It becomes news only when it is reported. • The individual journalist often makes that decision. • Recent UD grads are often making those decisions. CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  8. Typical American value system • Ethnocentrism – “foreign” “enemy troops” • Democracy & Capitalism • Small town pastoralism – Mayberry, Kuralt • Social order concern CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  9. Bias? • Persistent perception … BUT • 1971 – 1983 studies by Johnsone, Weaver, and Wilhoit – p. 259 • Comparing Gallop research with journalists’ demographics • U.S. journalists mirror U. S. society. CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  10. Why the bias perception? • News, by its very nature is concerned with change. • Change is usually more interesting than status quo. • Change is threatening. • Journalists view their role as that of watchdogs on the government. CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  11. Variables Affecting News • News Hole • News Flow • News Staffing • Perception of the organization’s audience • Availability of Material • Competition • Advertiser Influence • Corporate Policy • Source Pressure CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

  12. OTHER TOPICS Gatekeepers Web news resources Investigative Journalism Soft News Criteria: Accuracy, Balance, Fairness Interpretation Original Content / Packaging CMM 201 Foundations of Mass Communication -- Professor Walters

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