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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. DR SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT ctrohaida@yahoo.com 23 JUNE 2009. AGENDAS. Introduction Conceptual framework (CF) Definition Why we need CF? Variables Theories Conclusion. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS. Preliminary Data Gathering.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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  1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DR SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT ctrohaida@yahoo.com 23 JUNE 2009 SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  2. AGENDAS • Introduction • Conceptual framework (CF) • Definition • Why we need CF? • Variables • Theories • Conclusion SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  3. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS Preliminary Data Gathering Identifying Research Problem Research Questions & Research Objectives Literature Review What are the symptoms or indicators Develop Theoretical/Research Framework Analysis And findings Hypothesis development Research Design Method Sampling Unit of analysis Data collection method Development of hypothesis SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL • Definitions • Schematic diagram which able to help in deciding and explaining the route that we are interested to take. • The basis of entire research rests • Why would we use certain methods and not others to get to a certain point.

  5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL • Why we CF? • Helps to postulate and test certain relationship • To improve understanding of the dynamics of the situation • Testable hypotheses can be developed • We can identify the variables

  6. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL People might have tried a similar path before and have had different experiences using one road versus another. Or, there may be paths that have never been explored. With a conceptual framework, we can explain why we would try this or that path, based on the experiences of others, and on what we ourselves would like to explore or discover.

  7. SOURCES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  8. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL • From previous research in the problem area • Based on theories • Integrating one’s logical beliefs with published research • Establishing gaps – literature review

  9. CAUTION!!! • Identified and understand the REAL reason why other researchers decide not to do the CF for certain variables and in certain environment or towards certain sample of respondents. • Analyze the literature in detail. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  10. THE COMPONENTS OF THE CF SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL Identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem Shows the relationship of variables and elaborates How and why moderating and intervening variables are treated

  11. VARIABLES Independent Dependent Moderator Mediator Control SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  12. DEPENDENT VARIABLE • Acts as the primary interest to the researchers. • The researcher’s goal is to • Understand and describe the variable SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  13. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE • Is one that influences the dependent variable in either positive or negative way SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  14. Independent Dependent ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  15. Independent Predictor Presumed cause Stimulus Predicted from Antecedent Manipulated Dependent Presumed effect Response Predicted to.. Consequence Measured outcome TERMS SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  16. MODERATING VARIABLES • Moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable or simply the moderator. • Affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between the dependent and independent variables. • The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an interaction SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  17. Independent Dependent Moderator ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION POS SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  18. MEDIATING VARIABLES • In statistics, a mediation model is one that seeks: • to identify • explicate the mechanism that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third explanatory variable, • Rather than hypothesizing a direct causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, a mediational model hypothesizes that the independent variable causes the mediator variable, which in turn causes the dependent variable. • Also known as intervening variable SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  19. INFLUENCE TACTICS ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  20. OTHER CATEGORIES OF VARIABLES • EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES • are variables other than the independent variable that may bear any effect on the behavior of the subject being studied • CONTROL VARIABLES • control variables are extraneous factors, possibly affecting the experiment, that are kept constant so as to minimize their effects on the outcome SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  21. RESEARCH TERMS IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK • Variables • Dimensions • Uni dimensional • Multi dimensional • Measurement items SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  22. EXAMPLE • Variable • ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE • Dimensions • INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE • PROCEDURAL JUSTICE • INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE • Measurement items SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  23. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  24. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK • A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts • Guides your research. • Determining what things you will measure. • What statistical relationship you will look for. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  25. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK • Relevant variables are clearly identified and labeled. • Important relationship are well labeled. • Reader can easily see and understand the relationship. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  26. THEORY • A theory of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts) SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  27. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA, 1980) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, 1991) SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  28. END OF PART ONE QUESTIONS? SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL

  29. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL

  30. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS? SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • A statement that shows a relationship between two or more variables in testable form. • A proposition formulated for empirical testing

  31. ROLES OF HYPOTHESES SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • It guides the direction of the study. • It identifies facts are relevant and those that are not. • It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriate. • It provides a framework.

  32. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • Descriptive hypotheses • Null hypothesis – proposition, no relationship • Alternate hypothesis – expressing a relationship • Relational hypotheses • Correlational hypotheses • Explanatory (causal) hypotheses

  33. CORRELATIONAL HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • A statement indicating that variables occur together in a some specified manner WITHOUT that one causes the other • Eg: Students in urban areas obtain more favorable grades in Mathematics than do students in rural areas.

  34. EXPLORATORY (CAUSAL) HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL A statement that describes a relationship between two variables in which one variable leads to a specified effect on the other variable. Eg. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income saved.

  35. HYPOTHESIS’ FORMAT SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • If-then statement • If the employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently. • Directional • The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction. • Non directional • There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction

  36. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRONG HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • Adequate for its purpose • Testable • Better than its rivals

  37. HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES? SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL From own dreams? From own observations? From other research? From other hypothesis? From literature review? From theoretical framework?

  38. HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES? SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL If it is from own observation, supported by other research, supported by other hypothesis, supported by other literature review, and supported by YOUR OWN theoretical framework. Therefore IDEALLY YOU SHOULD EXPECT THAT THE HYPOTHESES TO BE ACCEPTED NOT REJECTED… AREN’T YOU?

  39. This is a symptom of.. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL Poor theoretical framework…… Or……

  40. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL Data collection Have you take care of all the procedures and techniques == that cause ERROR Dyadic respondents

  41. ERROR IN DATA ANALYSIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • Moderating VS Mediating • Interaction VS Direct effect • Data interpretation • Directional VS Non directional hypothesis • Unit of Analysis • Nature of variables • Unidimensional VS Multidimensional

  42. OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • Theoretical framework • not exhaustively search • poor conceptualization • superficial • Researcher • interferences • Measurement • instrument to measure the variables

  43. EXAMPLES SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL • Theoretical framework • The effects of organisation structures, job autonomy and leadership styles towards the performance of sales person in pharmacies. • Researcher • The moderating effects of perceived organisational support, leadership styles towards firm performance. • Measurement • Perceived organization support – measured by 8 items rather than original of 9 or 36 items.

  44. THE ENDGOOD LUCK IN YOUR RESEARCH JOURNEY SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL

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