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Caliphs of Islamic Empire

Caliphs of Islamic Empire. Conquest, dynasties, and exansion. Caliph. “successor to Muhammad” Expanded territory of Islam. 1 st Caliph. Muhammad dies in 632 Followers chose successor Abu Bakr 1 st Caliph Daughter was one of Muhammad’s wives Friend of Muhammad. Arab Conquest.

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Caliphs of Islamic Empire

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  1. Caliphs of Islamic Empire Conquest, dynasties, and exansion

  2. Caliph • “successor to Muhammad” • Expanded territory of Islam

  3. 1st Caliph • Muhammad dies in 632 • Followers chose successor • Abu Bakr • 1st Caliph • Daughter was one of Muhammad’s wives • Friend of Muhammad

  4. Arab Conquest • Islamic movement grew much during Abu Bakr’s reign • Romans expanding Italy, Muslims expanding Arabia • Conquest encouraged by Quran • Jihad=defensive warfare

  5. Next Caliph • Abu Bakr died • No clear successors • Umar A-Khattah was 2nd caliph • Assassinated • Uthmar was 3rd caliph • Assassinated

  6. Umayyads • Civil war • Supporters of Abu Bakr vs. supporters of Muawwiyyah • Muaw becomes caliph • Known for his virtue • “I never use my sword when my whip will do, nor my whip when my tongue will do” • Made office of caliph hereditary • Moved capital from Medina to Damascus • Beginning of Umayyad dynasty

  7. Umayyad Dynasty • Conquest • Conquered people along Mediterranean coast of northern Africa • Soldiers scene as ideal citizens • Those defeated kept land but paid rent to Muslims • Attempted attack on Constantinople to defeat Byzantine Empire • Muslims lost • Uneasiness would continue between 2 empires

  8. Split in Islam • Revolt • Shiite Muslims • Muhammad appointed successor • 'Ali ibnAbiTalib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah • Believe in free will • Sunni Muslims • Follow hadiths (teachings to go along with Quran) • Believe Muhammad appointed no successor • Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favored wife, 'A'ishah (elected by people of Medina) • Believe human actions are controlled by Allah’s will • Majority in Muslim world today

  9. Abbasid Dynasty • 750-Abu al-Abbas (descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) overthrew Umayyad dynasty • Built new capital city at Bagdad • All Muslims could hold both civil and military office • Haran al-Rashid • Best known of caliphs • “Golden Age of Abbasid dynasty” • Known for his charity • Supported artists and writers

  10. Abbasid Dynasty

  11. Same Problems • Fighting over successor • Harun al-Rashid’s sons fought to succeed him • Almost destroyed city of Bagdad • Vast wealth led to financial corruption • Shortage of qualified Arabs for key positions • Recruited Persians and Turks • Rulers of provinces broke away and formed independent dynasties

  12. Seljuk Turks • Converted to Islam • Prospered as soldiers during Abbasid dynasty • Moved in on Arab empire • 1055 took over Bagdad • Sultan “holder of power”

  13. Mongols • Led by Genghis Khan • Advanced across Asia and Middle East • Destroyed everything in their path • Reached Red Sea • Eventually converted to Islam and intermarried with local peoples • End of great Arab Empire

  14. Review: • Another name for a successor of Muhammad is: • 1. Umayyad • 2. Mosque • 3. Caliph • 4. Shiite

  15. Review: • What are the two major sects of Islam? • 1. Abbasid and Umayyad • 2. Sunni and Shiite • 3. Abu Bakr and Muaw • 4. Muhammadism and Muslim

  16. Review: • Which Islamic Dynasty would have experienced a “golden age”? (Remember, a golden age is a time with great intellectual, artistic, and societal achievements –Athens during Pericles’ reign) • 1. Muhammad • 2. Umayyad • 3. Seljuk Turks • 4. Abbasid

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