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Chapter 1, part 1

Chapter 1, part 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. Learning Objectives. Describe the basic functions of organisms. Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each . Identify the major levels of organization in organisms .

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Chapter 1, part 1

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  1. Chapter 1, part 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the basic functions of organisms. • Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each. • Identify the major levels of organization in organisms . • Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components. • Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback. • Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

  3. SECTION 1-1Introduction: Studying the Human body

  4. The basic functions of organisms • Organization • Responsiveness • Growth and differentiation • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism and excretion

  5. The Specialties of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy • Surface anatomy • Regional anatomy • Systemic anatomy • Developmental anatomy • Microscopic anatomy • Cytology • Histology

  6. Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy • All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology. Figure 1.1

  7. The Specialties of Physiology • Cell physiology • Special physiology • Systemic physiology • Pathological physiology

  8. SECTION 1-2Levels of Organization

  9. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization Figure 1.2.1

  10. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization Figure 1.2.2

  11. Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Systems to be Examined this Quarter • Integumentary system • Skeletal system • Muscular system • Nervous system

  12. Figure 1.3.1

  13. Figure 1.3.2

  14. Figure 1.3.3

  15. Figure 1.3.5

  16. SECTION 1-3Homeostasis

  17. Two general points within homeostasis • Autoregulation-- • Extrinsic regulation

  18. Homeostatic regulation involves • A receptor • A control center • An effector

  19. Negative Feedback Analogy: Cooling your house

  20. Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature Figure 1.5

  21. Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting Figure 1.6

  22. SECTION 1-4A frame of reference for anatomical studies

  23. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1.7a

  24. Figure 1.7b

  25. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Figure 1.8a

  26. Figure 1.8b, c

  27. Figure 1.9 Directional References Figure 1.9

  28. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section Figure 1.10

  29. Body Cavities • Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs • Cavities protect vital organs • Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size • Two body cavities • Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

  30. Ventral Body Cavities

  31. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities Figure 1.12a, b

  32. Thoracic Cavities • The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. • It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum • Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura • The mediastinum (not a cavity but a region) contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart PLAY Animation: Heart Dissection

  33. Thoracic Cavity

  34. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum • The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis • liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

  35. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle • reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine PLAY Animation: Digestive System Dissection

  36. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body • X-rays • Computerized tomography (CT) scans • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans • Ultrasound images • Spiral CT scans • Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA) • Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

  37. Figure 1.13 X-rays Figure 1.13

  38. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques Figure 1.14

  39. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods Figure 1.15c

  40. You should now be familiar with: • The characteristics of life. • The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions. • The levels of organization in the human body. • The definition and importance of homeostasis. • The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.

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