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Nursing Research A Beginning

Nursing Research A Beginning. Professor Lisa High University of Windsor. Introduction to Nursing Research. Welcome to the world of “NURSING RESEARCH” Learning a unique new language Incorporating new rules Expansion of your perceptions and methods of reasoning. Nursing Research.

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Nursing Research A Beginning

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  1. Nursing ResearchA Beginning Professor Lisa High University of Windsor

  2. Introduction to Nursing Research Welcome to the world of “NURSING RESEARCH” • Learning a unique new language • Incorporating new rules • Expansion of your perceptions and methods of reasoning

  3. Nursing Research • Hallmark of any profession • Search for new and unique body of knowledge • Who was the first researcher is nursing? • What did the research involve? • How does the CNO fit into the practice of research?

  4. Definition of Nursing Research Root meaning: (1) (2) More specifically: (1) (2) (3) (4)

  5. What is the significance of Nursing Research • Primary goal – to develop a scientific knowledge base for nursing practice. Significance/Value: (1) Description (2) Explanation (3) Prediction (4) Control

  6. What Research Contributes To • To acquire knowledge • To build a theory base • To validate reality • To test reality • A way of understanding the empirical world • To test/confirm/refute a premise

  7. Importance of Nursing Research • Continued improvement in patient care • Evidence-based practice • Reinforcement of nursing as a profession • Today in this “cost containment” healthcare system to document relevance and effectiveness of nursing practice • To understand the varied dimensions of the profession • To describe the characteristics of specific nursing situations • To explain phenomena • To initiate activities to promote desired patient outcomes

  8. What is the Nurses Role? • Every nurse is responsible (CNO Practice Standards) • What is “research utilization”?

  9. Nursing Research: Past, Present and Future • Florence Nightingale – Notes on Nursing (1859) • 1900 and 1940’s – focused on problems confronting nurses most studies on nursing education • 1950’s – established the Nursing Research Journal in US • To study clinical topics/clinical nursing problems • Canadian Journal of Nursing Research – 1969 • 1970’s – need additional communication outlets – additional journals – Advanced Nursing Science - Research in Nursing & Health - Western Journal of Nursing Research - Journal of Advanced Nursing

  10. Nursing Research: Past, Present and Future • 1970’s cont’d – shift to teaching, administration and nurses themselves to the improvement of patient care • 1980’s – 1st review of the Annual Review of Nursing Research - Federal funding – Canada - National Health Research Dept. - US – National Center for Nursing Research - new journal – Applied Nursing Research - McMaster – clinical learning strategy developed – EBM

  11. Nursing Research: Past, Present and Future • 1990’s – National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) - Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF) - Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) - several more journals were introduced

  12. Future Directions for Nursing Research • Increased focus on outcomes research • Promotion of evidence-based practice • Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple confirmatory strategies = REPLICATION • Greater emphasis on “Integrative Reviews” • Involvement of “Transdisciplinary research” • Outcomes research (performance indicator, benchmarking) • Emphasis on the visibility of nursing research • Expanded dissemination of research findings

  13. Sources of Knowledge - Ways of Acquiring Knowledge • Eight Methods: - tradition - authority - borrowing - trial and error - assemble information - personal/clinical experience - intuition - logical reasoning - disciplined research

  14. Reasoning – What is it? • Definition – • Stevens (1994) identified 4 patterns of reasoning: (1) (2) (3) (4)

  15. Two Types of Logical Reasoning • DEDUCTIVE - • INDUCTIVE -

  16. Thinking in Nursing Nursing thought flows along a continuum of both – • Concrete thinking – • Abstract thinking –

  17. Thinking in Nursing 3 major abstract thought process: (1) (2) (3)

  18. Paradigms What is a paradigm:

  19. Paradigms for Nursing Research • QUALITATIVE: • QUANTITATVE:

  20. QUANTITATIVE Positivist or post-positivist paradigm Assumption: reality can be studied and known Hard science Focus: usually concise Reductionistic Objective Reasoning: logistic, deductive Basis of knowing: cause & effect relationships Tests theory Control Instruments Basic element of analysis: numbers Statistical analysis Generalization QUALITATIVE Naturalistic paradigm Soft science Focus: usually broad Holistic Subjective Reasoning: dialectic, inductive Basis of knowing: meaning, discovery Shared interpretation Communication and observation Basic element of analysis: words Individual interpretations Uniqueness Paradigms

  21. Paradigms & Methods • “research method” – techniques used to structure a study, to gather and to analyze information relevant to a research question • Quantitative and qualitative researchers use different approaches – to answer different questions

  22. Scientific Method & Quantitative Research Scientific Method: General set of orderly, discipline procedures Empirical evidence • Systematic fashion of data collection • A series of steps used by the researcher via of a pre-specified plan of action • Use mechanisms to control the study • Minimizes biases • Precision and validity are maximized

  23. Scientific Method & Qualitative Research Scientific Method: • Human complexity/depth of humans • Idea of truth is a composite of realities • Focus on the dynamic, holistic and individual aspects • Flexible, evolving procedures • Findings emerge over the course of the research • Analysis progresses concurrently • Researcher sifts through information, gain insight, new questions emerge

  24. Paradigms Common Features • Ultimate goals – knowledge • External evidence – gather and analyze evidence empirically • Reliance on human cooperation – human study participants • Ethical constraints – research that involves human beings is guided by ethical principles • Fallibility of disciplined research – all studies in either paradigm have limitations, involves trade offs and decisions

  25. Purpose of Qualitative &Quantitative Research Specific Purposes: (1) Identification (2) Description (3) Exploration (4) Explanation (5) Prediction and Control

  26. Basic & Applied Research Basic research: undertaken to accumulate information, extending the base of knowledge in a discipline – why? • Pure science (ie. Bench scientists/natural science) Applied research: focuses on finding an immediate solution to an existing problem – what is the goal? • Clinical science (ie. Practice setting, practice setting)

  27. Quantitative Experimental Non-experimental Qualitative Grounded Theory Phenomenology Ethnography Understanding the “Research Process”

  28. Understanding the “Research Process” • Major Steps – Quantitative: Phase I – Conceptual Phase Phase II - Design and Planning Phase Phase III - Empirical Phase Phase IV - Analytic Phase Phase V - Dissemination Phase

  29. Understanding the “Research Process” • Major Steps – Qualitative: Identifying a research problem Doing a literature review Selecting and gaining entry into research sites Designing qualitative studies Addressing ethical issues

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