The 1960s

1. The 1960s By: DhartiUkani, Alysa Richards, Ian Solomon, Lenny Murgi, Luke Stork

2. THE FASHIONS AND FADS • 1960s—decade where it was a great time to be young • Youthful culture and fashion had begun to take shape in the 1950s blossomed as never before • During the 1960s, the neat and tailored look of the 1950s remained popular • Very influential fashion figure: Jacqueline Kennedy

3. The General Fashion • Women: generally favored shirtwaist dresses and blouses with coordinated dirndl skirts and older women replaced the skirt with trousers; favorite hairstyles were puffy styles such as the bouffant • Men: favored loose fitting trousers and short sleeve, button-front shirts in white or light colors; generally wore their hair in a crew cut called the flattop or short and neatly trimmed with a side part

4. The Fashion Takes a Turn • Social and political issues began to surface, and found expression in people’s clothing • Change came about in the women because of the British-based youth revolution which redefined the idea of feminine beauty emphasizing youth and sex appeal; Example: British fashion model, Twiggy • Popularized items were miniskirts, go-go boots, and body stockings

5. The Fashion Takes a Turn: Continued • Greatest change in men’s fashion was the adoption of fabrics with bold designs and bright color • Became described as the “peacock revolution” because of the bursting forth of colors • Chain necklaces also became fashionable

6. Bouffant Hairstyles • For a large portion of the 1960’s, big hair was in--it seemed the higher the hair, the happier the woman. • The bouffant hairstyle was made popular in large part thanks to Jackie Kennedy. The hairstyle caught on and swept through Hollywood with women all over the world quickly catching on to this hairstyle fad. • The bouffant was thought to be ideal because it always looked glamorous and became tantamount with elegant evening and glamorous events. • Seemed to be the perfect hairstyle to accompany formal gowns mini dresses and in fact, called attention to a woman no matter what she was wearing. • Reached its peak by the mid 1960’s and it seemed a large amount of women were clamoring to sport this style.

7. Skateboards • In the early 1960's companies began to mass-produce the first true surfing-inspired skateboards • Skateboarding became very popular almost overnight, and companies were fighting to keep up with demand. • Was fun and carefree, and a pastime • Over fifty million skateboards were sold within a three year period, and the first skateboard contest was held in Hermosa Beach, CA in 1963. • Then in 1965 safety experts pronounced skateboarding unsafe - urging stores not to sell them, and parents not to buy them. • The skateboarding fad died as quickly as it had started, and the sport entered its first slump.

8. Nehru Jacket • The jacket originated in India in the 1940's, but became popularized in the 1960's when the Beatles wore them for their Shea Stadium concert in 1965. • This style was inspired by a jacket traditionally worn by and named after a prime minister of India. • Became popular among hippies because of their interest in other cultures and religions and how they influenced types of dress. • The jacket itself had a band collar, was single-breasted and worn in two lengths: either slightly below the knee or several inches below the waist.

9. GI Joes • G.I. Joe was an attempt by the Hasbro Toy Company to recreate the Barbie phenomenon with boys. • Popular belief at the time was that boys didn't play with dolls, so Hasbro coined a new term to describe G.I. Joe as an action figure. • 1963--Hasbro began development on a military-themed line of dolls that could be accessorized with different outfits and equipment. • 1964--Hasbro released 4 different G.I. Joe models, one for each branch of the US military. • The figure was 11 1/2 inches tall. The neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, waist, hips, knees and ankles all moved, so Joe could assume all kinds of dynamic poses, and the hands were designed so that Joe could actually hold his accessories. • G.I. Joe had been an incredible success story for Hasbro, but by 1968 the story seemed to be coming to an end. • Americans were war-weary--heightened concern over the effects of violent toys and television programming on children. • Sales were declining • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLL67CN2hnw&feature=player_embedded

10. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES:THE HEART TRANSPLANT • 1967- Many surgeons in medical centers were on the verge of performing the first ever transplant • First heart transplant took place in a hospital in Capetown, South Africa on December 2, 1967 • Doctor Christiaan Barnard performed the first ever heart transplant on patient, Louis Washkansky

11. THE IMPACT OF THE FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT • Expected that the first transplant would take place in a major American cardiac center where decades of research and preparation had occurred • Dr. Barnard used knowledge and skill as most importantly COURAGE to perform the operation • The successful transplant raised the the courage of others and freed millions of doctors’ hesitancy • As a result, 5 other transplants took place in the next two months, and 170 in the next three years

12. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES:THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL HEART • To facilitate the process of heart transplantation, there were many efforts during the 1960s to develop an artificial heart • For temporary use in bridging the time gap between a patient's need and the availability of a donor or as an assisting device for people whose hearts are not fully functional

13. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES:THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL HEART • The patient: 47-year-old Haskell Karp who was dying of heart failure and awaiting a heart transplant • Artifical device was implanted on April 4, 1969, and kept him alive for 3 days until a human heart was available for transplant • The artificial heart was about the size of a real heart and made of Silastic, a silicone plastic, had Dacron cuffs to attach to the blood vessels, and an external pump the size of a refrigerator was the power source, attached by hoses through the chest wall • Unfortunately, he lived less than two days after the human heart was implanted.

14. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES: THE AUTO TELLER MACHINE • By the end of the 1960s, however, times were changing • A broader segment of the population--more comfortable with the idea of self-service and more willing to trust unfamiliar technologies--was willing to give automated banking a try. • 1967--John Shepherd-Barron had the idea of dispensing cash from the machine • Barclays, a London bank installed in a branch on Enfield High Street • Unlike modern ATMs, Shepherd-Barron’s did not use plastic cards. Used paper vouchers printed with radioactive ink so that the machine could read them. The customer entered an identification code and took the cash • By 1970, dozens of U.S. banks had jumped on the ATM bandwagon.

15. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott (Question 1) • Plessy vs. Ferguson: a lawsuit brought in 1896 after African American Homer Plessy was denied a seat in a first-class railway • Plessy vs. Ferguson relates directly to Brown vs. Board of Education because Plessy vs. Ferguson was overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education (Question 3) • NAACP had long waged a campaign against segregation in educational facilities • Plessy vs. Ferguson had established the legality of separate but equal schools • NAACP had succeeded in opening some all-white schools, however, the Court continued to maintain that segregation in and of itself was legal

16. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott • In 1952, a group of legal challenges to segregation in public schools came before the supreme court in the form of Brown vs. Board of Education • Main case involved Linda Brown, an African American from Topeka, Kansas • Segregation in Topeka’s schools prevented her from attending on all-white elementary schools close to home • Had to travel a long dangerous route to school • NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall argued on Brown’s behalf • Unanimous vote declared racial segregation illegal in public schools (Question 2)

18. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott • School desegregation in Arkansas was progressing with relatively little opposition. • 2/3 of the southern school districts that began desegregating were in Arkansas. • Little Rock school board was the first in the south to announce that it would comply with the Brown Decision • Desegregation plan was set to being in September 1957 with the admission of 9 black students to an all white Central High School • Governor OrvalFaubus spoke out against the desegregation plan and ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround the school the night before • Members of the Arkansas Nation Guard prevented the Little Rock Nine from entering the school for 3 weeks • Eventually, the Court ordered Faubus to remove guards, and when the nine finally entered, white mobs rioted • Eisenhower ordered some 1,000 troops to Little Rock, and they finally entered after

20. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott • December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American, provided the NAACP with an opportunity to challenge the practice of forcing African American citizens to ride in the back of city buses • Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger and was arrested • Park’s arrest for refusing to give up her seat led to her conviction for violating the city’s segregation laws • In protest, many of Montgomery’s African Americans organized a boycott against the bus system

21. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott • The Montgomery Improvement Association, a group of local civil rights leaders, persuaded the community to continue to continue the boycott while the NAACP and Parks appealed her conviction • The MIA chose Martin Luther King, Jr. as its spokesperson, and he inspired large audiences as the boycott dragged on for months • Angry white mobs attacked and beat boycotters • King studied the nonviolent tactics of Gandhi and urged the African Americans to not respond with violence

22. TARGET: Explain the roots of the civil rights movement: Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott • The nonviolent protest finally worked • November 1956, the Supreme Court declared the Montgomery and Alabama segregation laws unconstitutional • By the end of the year, Montgomery has a integrated bus system, and the civil rights movement had a new leader—MLK • Victory marked a blow to racial discrimination • http://www.neok12.com/quiz/CIVRIG02

23. TARGET: Explain the difficulties JFK faced in getting civil rights legislation passed • Kennedy faced a great amount of trouble in getting the civil rights legislation passed • Many events in Birmingham, such as protests forced President Kennedy to take a stand on civil rights • Most of his aides feared that taking a stand would split the Democratic Party and ruin his chances for re-election in 1964 • 1963—Kennedy asked Congress “to enact legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public.” • The Southern Democrats and Conservative Republicans of came together and opposed Kennedy’s agenda • They were successful in preventing the legislation from being passed • In addition, much of the country was divided in their support of the legislation