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The 1960s

The 1960s. Class 1. Administrative. Reading for next time – Teacher Unionism and Cesar Chavez. Review. Merger of the AFL and the CIO in 1956 Emergence of anti-labor statutes Taft-Hartley Landrum-Griffin. Today. Racial Issues in the Work Place Evolution of Strikes Automation

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The 1960s

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  1. The 1960s Class 1

  2. Administrative • Reading for next time – Teacher Unionism and Cesar Chavez

  3. Review • Merger of the AFL and the CIO in 1956 • Emergence of anti-labor statutes • Taft-Hartley • Landrum-Griffin

  4. Today • Racial Issues in the Work Place • Evolution of Strikes • Automation • Employee Health and Safety

  5. I. Racial Issues at Work • By 1960s US had a clear dual labor market • Parts of the economy that were unionized were growing the most slowly or shrinking in terms of employment • Millions worked in restaurants, laundries and garment sweatshops

  6. Racial Issues at Work • Only after 1960 did government begin to attack discrimination with any seriousness • By 1961 only about 20% of collective bargaining agreements had anti-discrimination clauses • Merged AFL-CIO admitted two railway brotherhoods with formal racial exclusions • Civil Rights Act of 1964

  7. Minorities and Union Organizing • Hospital and health care workers • Agricultural workers • Construction unions and their hiring halls • Minority caucuses formed in most major industrial unions

  8. AFL-CIO Support for Civil Rights • AFL-CIO supported civil rights movement • Also supported racial integration • Cost much of the southern labor movement many of its members • 1971 Griggs v. Duke Power

  9. II. Evolution of strikes • Changed pattern of strikes • Exemplified by the 1959 steel strike • Violence of earlier time periods subsided in most industries • Unions failed in political efforts to repeal or modify Taft-Hartley

  10. III. Automation • The great automation debate • Cause of much of the conflict of that period

  11. IV. Employee Health and Safety • Traditionally law dealt just with the consequences • Federal Government now began to talk about taking responsibility for prevention of occupational injuries and accidents • Mine Safety and Health Act • Occupational Safety and Health Act

  12. Next Time • Growth of public employee unionism

  13. The 1960s Class 2 Excluded Workers

  14. Administrative • Reading for next time on the 1970s and 1980s – none for next time but all to be done by the second class

  15. Review • Dual labor market at the beginning of the 1960s • Government beginning to take responsibility for equal treatment in the labor market • Changed pattern of industrial conflict • Government taking responsibility for industrial health and safety

  16. Today • Labor Movement in 1960 • Exclusion of industry and occupational categories • Growth in unionism for some of those categories

  17. I. Labor Movement in 1960 What groups of industries and occupations were heavily unionized in 1960? • Mass production industries: automobiles, steel, tires, electronics • Construction: including relatively unskilled laborers • Transportation: railroads, truck drivers, sailors, airlines • Miners

  18. II. Exclusion of Industry and Occupational Groups What industries and occupations were largely untouched by unionism? • White collar, professional, managerial occupations • Public sector employees • Wholesale and retail trade • Finance and Insurance • Service industries • Agriculture

  19. Exclusion • Managers • Professionals • Farm workers

  20. III. Growth of Unionism in New Categories • Farm Workers • Development of United Farm Workers in California • Affiliated with AFL-CIO • The Grape and Lettuce Boycotts

  21. Growth of Unionism Teachers • What groups were involved in attempting to unionize teachers? • How were the approaches of these two groups different?

  22. Growth of Unionism • Teacher unionism part of growth of unionism by public employees • Changes in legal situation • New York • Condon-Wadlin • Taylor Law (1967)

  23. Arguments for and against public sector bargaining • Arguments against • Sovereignty Doctrine • Workers too likely to win strikes • Civil Service already exists • Arguments in favor • Government workers should not be denied rights available to other workers • Government as an employer acts much like other employers

  24. Growth of Unionism • Public sector went from one of least to one of most unionized sectors of the economy • Teachers are now widely organized • Collective Bargaining in school districts is absolutely the norm • Teacher unions are among the most powerful lobbying groups in Washington and state capitals

  25. Next Time • Begin discussion of 1970s and 1980s

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