Law Enforcement

1. Law Enforcement

2. Law Enforcement • Major emergency arm of the community • 1st gatekeeper • Awareness agents • Mediators • Public Reassurance/Marketing/PR agents • Status quo maintainers • Moral censors • Custodians of the public conscience • Enforcers of state wishes Crime prevention was not and will not be listed, but it may be soon.

3. American Law Enforcement, by the numbers • 750,000 sworn officers • 400,000 PSO • 17,500 agencies

4. Law Enforcement Community • Local: • City police • City attorney • Regulatory agencies • County: • Sheriff • County/District Attorney • Regulatory agencies

5. Law Enforcement Community…continued • State: • State Police/State Patrol • Fish and Game Wardens • Correctional officials (probation, parole, pen) • Attorney General • Regulatory Agencies

6. Law Enforcement Community…continued • Federal (70 agencies) • Department of the Treasury: • Internal Revenue Service • (use to have more) • Department of Justice: • Federal Bureau of Investigation • Marshals Service • Drug Enforcement Administration • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

7. Law Enforcement Community…continued • Department of Homeland Security: • Secret Service • Customs and Border Protection • Citizenship and Immigration Service • Immigration and Customs Enforcement • Coast Guard • Transportation and Security Administration • Air Marshals • Federal Law Enforcement Training Center • Federal Emergency Management Agency

8. Law Enforcement Community…continued • Miscellaneous Agencies: • Postal Inspectors • National Park Service Officers • Bureau of Indian Affairs • Federal Probation Officers • Supreme Court Police • U.S. Capital Police • U.S. Park Police

9. Law Enforcement Community…continued • Federal Prosecutors • Federal Regulatory Agencies: • FDA • SEC • EPA

10. International Law Enforcement • Interpol • Europol • United Nations?

11. Problems with our fragmented, decentralized law enforcement network • Limited coordination • Limited cooperation • Turf battles • Service duplication • Crime displacement • Inconsistent crime responses

12. Wickersham Commission (1931) • Get the police out of politics • Train the police • Screen applicants • Move the police into more of a kinetic, law enforcement orientation (crime control)

13. Presidential Crime Commission (1967) • Re-affirmed the first three points of the Wickersham Commission: • Get the police out of politics • Train the police • Screen applicants • Added an educational component • Rejected the kinetic, law enforcer model for a social service/due process orientation

14. Public Perception of Police • Most positive image of the police is held by: • White • Middle-aged (50+ year of age) • Females • College Graduates • Married • White collar job • Husband has a white collar job • Good income • Lives in a good neighborhood • No police initiated contact

15. Public Perception of Police…continued • Most negative image of the police is held by: • Non-white • Young (under 20 years of age) • Male • Grade school educated • Single • Manual laborer, if employed • Lower income • Lives in a poor neighborhood • Some, but not extensive police initiated contact

16. Chang and Zastrow study Police tend to view the population in a negative light. In their study, Chang and Zastrow asked police who deserves our highest admiration: 1 - me (the person filling out the questionnaire) 2 - police officers 3 - medical doctors 4 - prison security officers 5 - scientists 6 - women 7 - people 8 - businessmen 9 - lawyers 10 - college students 11 - politicians 12 - inmates

17. Factors Influencing Police Decision Making • Characteristics of the citizen • Behavioral • Demographic • Legal Characteristics of the problem • Characteristics of the local legal culture • Police department • Local justice system actors • Characteristics of officers • Officers as a group • Officers as individuals • Corruption

18. Response Time • Citizen to police contact time delays • 911 • 311 • Processing time delays • Police travel time delays • Code 0 • Code 1 • Code 2 • Code 3

19. Community Policing Evolution • Kansas City Study • Community Policing • Problem Solving Policing • Community Partnership Policing • One strike “Hug-a-Thug”

20. Neiderhoffer’s Cynicism Model Professional Failure Frustration Recommit Disenchantment Cynicism Anomie Quit Corrupt

21. Neiderhoffer…continued • Education • Training • Union involvement • Democratic leadership • Selflessness • Change the people vs. change the program

22. Future of Policing • Proactive Social Service/Problem Solving Orientation • Citizen Involvement • Foot Patrol • Bicycle Patrol • Permanent Beat Assignments • 4/10 personnel deployment • Greater use of civil sanctions • Greater use of creative sting operations

23. Future of Policing…continued • Electronic surveillance • Street cameras • Public transportation (buses/trains) • Traffic light motion detectors • Traffic photo-cops • Open microphone walkie-talkies on officers • Cameras in all police vehicles

24. Future of Policing…continued • Consolidation of rural departments • Prosecutor/police cooperation • Officer Friendly • More creative computer applications • Fingerprints • Data management tool • Personnel deployment (time and location) • Probability and solvability modeling

25. Future of Policing…continued • Weapons issues • 311 and 911 phone options • Differentiated Police Response systems • Forensics • “Hot Spots” policing • Enhanced public police – private security cooperation

26. Future of Policing…continued • Increase interaction with other involved and active communal awareness agents • Probation and parole officers • Social welfare agents • Real estate agents • Insurance agents • Meter readers • Taxi drivers (use them to transport prisoners)

27. Future of Policing…continued • Outreach programs focused on immigrant and minority communities • Officers learn their language • Translate brochures • Develop bi-lingual newsletters • Officers serve on their community boards • Invite them to serve on police committees/citizen advisory boards • Hire them as officers and as PSOs