1. Topic Objectives • Identify the 5 characteristics of a mineral. • Describe how a mineral can form. • Identify a mineral using its characteristics. • Differentiate crystal structures.

2. Earth Science: Minerals

3. Why are minerals important to learn about? • A huge portion of Earth is made of minerals (most rocks are a combination of minerals) • Minerals provide nutrients to living things (like us) • Minerals are used in business/technology (like computer parts)

4. What are minerals? • Minerals are a type of matter and we know that all matter is made of? • But more specifically, a mineral must meet five criteria to be called a mineral… atoms.

5. Characteristic #1 • All Minerals are… SOLID Which of the following could be a mineral?

6. Characteristic #2 • All minerals are Inorganic= were never alive Which of the following could be a mineral? Inorganic- was never alive Organic- are currently alive

7. Characteristic #3 • All minerals occur naturally. • If that is true, which of the following is not made of minerals?

8. The two ways that minerals occur naturally… • From magma- when magma cools and hardens, the atoms in magma come together and form minerals • From pressure/temperature- materials exposed to high states of pressure and temperature break down to form new and different types of minerals

9. Mineral Formation

10. Characteristic #4 • All minerals have a definite chemical composition. • This means that in each individual mineral, certain types of atoms will come together (bond) in certain ways • Ex. this is similar to how 2 hydrogen's and one oxygen come together to form the most important molecule on Earth! O H H

11. Type of Atoms • Metals- shiny, solid, conduct electricity • Nonmetals- non-shiny, often a gas, do not conduct electricity • Metalloids- Have properties of both metals and nonmetals

12. Where are metals, nonmetals and metalloids located in the periodic table? • What type of atom is the most numerous? • Where are the metals, metalloids and non-metals? • Why does the position of metalloids make sense? • Label each type on your periodic table.

13. Identify the atom game… Zn H Cf K Te O Mg Ge Ca C I Si

14. What kinds of Bonds do metals and nonmetals make? • Two metals- metallic bond (sharing lots of electrons) • Two nonmetals- covalent bond (sharing pairs of electrons) • A metal and a nonmetal- ionic bond (charged from gaining or losing electrons)

15. Identify the Bond Game… CrO HgO NaCl SiO WFe H2O CaO NaCo CO CfFe CrI KCl

16. Characteristic #5 • The atoms in minerals are arranged into orderly structures (specific shapes). • Cubic • Tetragonal • Orthrohombic • Hexagonal

17. Cubic • Three axes (x, y, z) of equal length.

18. Tetragonal • Three axes (x, y, z), with two of equal length and one of different length.

19. Orthrohombic • Three axes (x, y, z), all of different length.

20. Hexagonal • Three axes of equal length, one of different length (4 axes total!=6-sided).

21. Mineral ID Activity • There are 5 pictures of objects on the power point. Decide which of the 5 mineral characteristics match and which do not for the objects in each picture. Then decide if the picture shows a mineral (has all 5 characteristics!). • Mineral Characteristics • Solid • Inorganic • Occur Naturally • Have a definite chemical composition (ex. NaCl, MgO) • Arranged in orderly patterns (ex. cubes, hexagons)

22. Picture #1- Kitten

23. Picture #2- Sand

24. Picture #3- Rock Salt

25. Picture #4- Icebergs

26. Picture #5- Diamonds