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The Rise and Spread of Islam: Key Events from the 8th Century to the Mongol Empire

This overview examines the significant developments in the rise of Islam, focusing on Muhammad's life and teachings, the formation of Islamic law (Sharia), and the concept of the Umma. It highlights the spread of Islam across India, Southeast Asia, and Africa through trade routes. Additionally, it chronicles the significant political transformations in the Islamic world, including the Sunni-Shia split and the Abbasid Caliphate's rise, as well as the impacts of the Mongol invasions. This narrative also covers the historical context of the Crusades, the Frankish influence in Europe, and the dynamics in Asia during the Tang and Song dynasties.

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The Rise and Spread of Islam: Key Events from the 8th Century to the Mongol Empire

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 9, 10 review

  2. Islam • Muhammad, founder, born 570 CE in Mecca • 5 pillars of Islam • Quran: Muslim Holy Book • Sharia: Islamic Law • Umma: Muslim population

  3. Islamic Expansion

  4. Spread of Islam in India and Southeast Asia • 8th Century CE: Muslims conquer Indus River Valley • Spread from India to Southeast Asia through trade routes

  5. Islam in Africa • Spread through trade routes and Berbers: North African nomads • Ghana • Mali • Songhay

  6. Sui Dynasty • 581 CE: reunited China (Yang Jian) • Grand Canal: 1,400 mile long

  7. Tang Dynasty • 618: Li Yuan conquers capital • Revival of trade and culture in China • Silk Road comes back

  8. Song Dynasty • 960-1279: Chinese junk ships made trade even better

  9. The Mongols!!!! • Nearly conquered the world • Yuan Dynasty: Dynasty of China ruled by the Mongols

  10. Chapter 10

  11. Muslim Split • Sunni • Accepted Umayyad's as their rulers (not descendants of Muhammad) • Means “followers of tradition” • Shia • Caliphs should be related to Muhammad • Means “partisans of Ali”

  12. Abbasid Caliphate • Overthrew the Umayyads (who fled to Spain) • Capital: Baghdad • Appointed viziers: political advisors

  13. Umayyad rule • Spain: Cordoba- capital of Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain • IbnRushd- Muslim philosopher, wrote about Aristotle, 2-fold truth

  14. Seljuk Turks • 1055: took over Baghdad • Controlled all secular affairs • Abbasids still in control, name only • 1258: Mongols destroy Baghdad, rule comes to an end

  15. Europe: “Dark Ages”

  16. The Franks • First Germanic peoples to convert to Catholic Christianity • Clovis: converted to Christianity (500 CE) • 732: Battle of Tours: stops Muslims invading France

  17. The Franks • Helped the Pope against the Lombards • Pope Steven II made Pepin King of the Franks • Carolingian Dynasty • Set up Papal States

  18. Treaty of Verdun • 843 CE Carolingian Empire Split in 3

  19. France • 987 CE: last Carolingian died, Hugh Capet takes their place • Capetian Dynasty • Only controlled area around Paris (Ile de France)

  20. William of Normandy • Battle of Hastings (1066) • Conquered England • Duke of Normandy also king of England

  21. King John I • William’s Grandson (1215) • Forced to sign Magna Carta • Limits the power of the King

  22. The Crusades • 1099-1251: The Christian Crusaders set up kingdoms in the Middle East • Kingdom of Jerusalem • Creates enmity between the Christians and Muslims • Gives Christians a taste for the Middle East

  23. Delhi Sultanate • Take over Gupta Empire • Turkish Slaves take over and form Delhi Sultanate • Keep India safe from Mongols….for now

  24. Southeast Asia • Funan: state which traded with India and was strongly influenced by both Chinese and Indian Cultures

  25. Japan • Yamato Kingdom: 607 CE • Taika Reforms: set up government based on Tang dynasty bureacracy

  26. Song Dynasty • 960-1279: not very successful in uniting China, but did centralize the government

  27. The Mongols! • Genghis Khan: “Universal Ruler” • United all Mongol tribes • Khanates: political regions

  28. Yuan Dynasty

  29. Aztecs • Calpulli: organization based on households and kinship • 1428: heavy expansion through warfare • Conquered areas paid tribute to Aztec emperor

  30. Incas • Cuzco: capital of the Incas

  31. Fall of Constaninople • 1453: fall of the Byzantine Empire • Ottoman Turks (descended from Seljuk Turks) • End of Roman Empire

  32. Fall of Constantinople: Consequences • End of Roman Empire • First time cannon was used in warfare • Beginning of Ottoman Empire • Continued Muslim/Christian tensions

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