The Conservative Order and Challenges of Reform (1815-1832) AP EURO Chapter 20
Defining Terms: • 1. Conservatism – Disposition to keep established ways. Opposition to change. • 2. Nationalism – Devotion to national interests, unity & independence. Most powerful ideology of 18th and 19th century • 3. Liberalism –Opposite of conservative. Product of the Enlightenment. Believe in constitutions & representative government.
Concert of Europe : 1815-1823 • Congress of Vienna: • Created “harmony” in Europe • Maintained the balance of power, & peace • European borders were re-drawn • Old rulers restored • Some territories assigned to other powers
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 • Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Austria, Prussia & Great Britain • Agreed to consult w/ each other • Britain eventually disassociated itself from alliance
Re- Drawing Borders • Kingdom of Netherlands was created (problem: Belgium wanted independence) • Austria acquired Northern Italy • Kingdom of Poland was created (but controlled by Russia) • German Confederation replacedHoly Roman Empire
France: 1815-1830 • Bourbon Monarchy restored after Napoleon • Louis XVIII • Borders restored pre- 1792 • Kept Napoleonic code • Only large property owners allowed to vote
France: 1815-1830 • Charles X inherited throne in1824 • Conservative aristocracy • Tried to restore nobles’ land lost during revolution • Opposition against government built in the 1820’s
England : 1815-1832 • High unemployment 1820’s • Poor harvests of “corn” – wheat, oats, barley, grain • Led to scarcity of food
England : 1815-1832 • Corn Laws – Meant to protect farmers • hurt consumers- high bread prices • Landed aristocracy (conservatives) prevented importation of grains
England : 1815-1832 • 1819 : 80,000 protested corn laws • In St. Peter’s fields Soldiers fired at crowd “Peterloo Massacre”
English Liberal Movements • 1. 1838 Anti- Corn Law league created • Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed Corn Laws • 2. Chartist Movement – national petition w/ thousands of signatures sent to parliament. * Main issue: male suffrage (voting)
Austrian Empire • Prince Metternich (1773-1859) controlled Austria • Made up of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary • Multicultural • Most powerful of German Confederation
Prince Metternich • Opposed nationalism & Unification • Dominated the German Confederation made up of many states • Controlled Northern Italy
German States : 1815-1830 • Ideals of German Nationalism emerged in Universities • Burschenschaft – student associations • Supported unification of German states
German States: 1815-1830 • 1819 a student , Carl Sand assassinated A conservative- August Von Kotzebue • Sand publicly executed
German States: 1815-1830 • Metternich passed • “Carlsbad Decrees”: • Outlawed student associations • Applied censorship in all German states • University Professors & students “watched”
Greek Revolution 1821 • Ottoman Empire weakened • Liberals in England, France, Russia supported Greek Independence movement • Why?
Greek Revolution 1821 • Treaty of London 1827- England, France, Russia • Threatened Turkey if they didn’t grant Greece independence • 1830 Greece declared independent
Wars of Independence in Latin America = Liberalism • Post-Napoleon effect on Latin America • 1804-1824 • France lost Haiti • Portugal lost Brazil • Spain lost Mexico, Central & Most South America except for Cuba & Puerto Rico
Latin American Independence • *
French Colony of Haiti • independence movement 1791-1804 • Center of Sugar production • Population: • Slaves = 500,000 • French = 40,000
Haitian Revolution • 1791 Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave led rebellion • French occupied w/ Revolution • French give up HAITI
1803 Napoleon Wanted Haiti Back! • Napoleon invited Toussaint L’ouverture to a “conference” • Toussaint was arrested, sent to France , imprisoned • Haiti gainedindependence 1804
Fun Fact… • English colonies = 1st American territory to gain independence form European power 1776 • Haiti = 2nd American territory to gain independence from European Power 1804
Nueva Espana – New Spain • Creoles born in new world, parents are European (Spanish Peninsulares) • Wanted more power • Better job opportunities • Wanted independence
Napoleon… • Invaded Portugal & Spain 1806-1807 • Created a distraction and opportunity for colonies…
Mexico • 1. Father Miguel Hidalgo led Mexican Independence 1810 • “El Grito de Dolores” • Captured by Spanish 1811, killed
Mexico • 2. Father Jose Morelos • Took over movement 1811-1815 • Executed in 1815
Mexico • 3. Agustin Iturbide • Mestizo who passed himself as creole (criollo) • Gained independence 1821 • And then.. He declared himself “Emperor Agustin I”! • OVERTHROWN 1824
South America • 1. Simon Bolivar – “el libertador” • Creole led Independence Movement • Gained independence Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia • 1810-1824
South America • 2. Jose de San Martin • Led independence movement in Argentina, Chile • 1817
Brazil – Portuguese Colony • Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro flees to Brazil after Napoleon’s invasion • Gives Brazil its independence, proclaims himself emperor 1820’s
Belgium Gained Independence • Was merged into Kingdom of Netherlands in 1815 • During Congress of Vienna • Differ in language, religion, economy, traditions • Gain independence from Dutch 1830 • King Leopold became King of Belgians
Serbian Independence • Sought independence from Ottoman empire • Located along Balkans • Russia became its “protector” • Gained independence 1830
