Wireless Networking WLAN Site Survey Module-09

1. Wireless NetworkingWLAN Site SurveyModule-09 Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island 6/7/2014 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 1

2. Presentation Reference Material • CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide (PWO-104), David Coleman, David Westcott, 2009, Chapter-15,16 • CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett – • Chapter 6, pages 232-318 • The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project 6/7/2014 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 2

3. What is a Site Survey? Process of planning a WLAN to meet design goals When installing a WLAN for an organization, areas of dead space might not be tolerated Ensure blanket coverage, meet per-user bandwidth requirements, minimize “bleeding” of signal Factors affecting wireless coverage goals: Devices emitting RF signals Building structure (walls, construction materials) Open or closed office doors Stationary versus mobile machinery/equipment Movement of mobile walls (e.g., cubicles) Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

4. What is a Site Survey? Factors affecting wireless coverage goals (continued): Expansion of physical plant or growth of organization Existing WLANs Both inside organization, and within nearby organizations Site survey: Process of planning a WLAN to meet design goals Effectiveness of a WLAN often linked to thoroughness of the site survey Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

5. Design goals for a site survey Achieve best possible performance from WLAN Certify that installation will operate as promised Determine best location for APs Develop networks optimized for variety of applications Ensure coverage will fulfill organization’s requirements Locate unauthorized APs Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

6. More Site Survey Goals Map nearby wireless networks to determine existing radio interference Reduce radio interference as much as possible Make wireless network secure Survey provides realistic understanding of infrastructure required for proposed wireless link Assists in predicting network capability and throughput Helps determine exact location of APs and power levels required Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

7. When to perform a site survey Before installing a new wireless network Before changing an existing wireless network When there are significant changes in personnel When there are changes in network needs After making physical changes to a building Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

8. Project Planning Overview • User’s Requirements Budget Population Applications Performance Security Coverage Area Physical & Logical Network Site Environment

9. Site Survey • A site survey is very important before you deploy a wireless network. • A site survey involves analyzing a site from an RF perspective. • Coverage • Interference Sources • Equipment Placement • Power Requirements • Wiring Requirements

10. Preparing for a Site Survey • Preliminary Plan • Existing Network • Towers and Roofs • Coverage • Access Point Locations • Security

11. Facility Analysis • What type of Facility? • Personal • Small Office – Home Office, (SOHO) • Real-estate Office • Small Warehouse • Hospital • Manufacturing Plant • Corporate or Educational Campus

12. Physical and RF Site Surveys • Two major categories of site surveys • Physical Survey and RF Survey • Physical Survey • Examination of physical environment • RF Survey • Examination of RF activity Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

13. Questions Answered by Physical Site Surveys Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

14. Questions Answered by RF Site Survey Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

15. Manual RF Site Survey Breakdown Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

16. Obtaining Business Requirements Determine business reasons why WLAN being proposed or extended If this step skipped, almost impossible to properly design and implement the network Primary data gathering method is interviewing Must determine type of mobility required within organization Must determine per-user bandwidth requirements May be different “types” of users with different bandwidth requirements Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

17. Overall Business Objectives • Quality improvement (Better) • Efficiency improvement ( Faster) • Cost reduction (Cheaper) • Increased production (More) • Organizational continuity (Continue to exist) • Sarbanes-Oxley (accountability) Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

18. Organization’s Needs and Objectives • Determine business requirements • User requirements-bandwidth related • Functional requirements • Budgetary Constraints • Regulatory Constraints Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

19. Site Survey Tools: Wireless Tools Most basic tool is AP itself: Position AP in various locations, monitor signal as you move APs should have ability to adjust output power APs should have external antenna connectors Test effectiveness of different antenna types in different situations May need DC-to-AC converter for testing Notebook computer with wireless NIC also essential for testing Previously configured and tested Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

20. Site Survey Tools: Measurement Tools Site Survey Analyzers: Specifically designed for conducting WLAN site surveys Software often built into AP Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value Full-featured site survey analyzer software settings: Destination MAC Address Continuous Link Test Number of Packets Packet Size Data Retries Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

21. Site Survey Tools: Measurement Tools (continued) Site Survey Analyzers (continued): Full-featured site survey analyzer software settings (continued): Data Rate Delay Between Packets Packet Tx Type Unicast or multicast Percent Success Threshold Basic survey analyzer software contains far fewer features Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

22. Spectrum Analyzers Scan radio frequency spectrum and provides graphical display of results Typically measure signal-to-noise ratio Single-frequency analyzers measure signal-to-noise ratio at specified frequency Helpful in identifying interference problems Thus, helps properly position/orient AP Costly $500 $50,000 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

23. Spectrum Analyzer Measures RF energy Frequency range: 100kHz - 6 GHz. Internal preamplifier with frequency range from 100 kHz - 6 GHz. Displayed average noise level typ. -135 dBm (RBW 100 Hz). 0.5 dB typ. level accuracy up to 6 GHz. Resolution bandwidths 100 Hz - 1 MHz, 1 and 3 steps. Wide range of detectors; sample, max/min peak, auto peak, RMS. Cost: $13,500 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

24. WiFi Hopper Website: http://wifihopper.com/overview.html Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

25. Airmagnet Site Survey Tool 6/7/2014 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 25

26. AirMagnet Survey AirMagnet SurveyThis WLAN planning solution stands apart from other market planning solutions by enabling enterprises to collect live signal, packet and spectrum data during their site surveys. This allows enterprises to simulate and measure network performance in the most scientific way possible—with the most accurate depiction of a real-world user experience-which ultimately results in a better performing network. 6/7/2014 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 26

27. Site Survey Tools: Documentation Tools Create a “hard copy” of site survey results Make available for future reference No industry-standard form for site survey documentation Site survey report should include: Purpose of report Survey methods RF coverage details (frequency and channel plan) Throughput findings Sources of interference Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

28. Site Survey Report Material Site survey report should include (continued): Problem zones Marked-up facility drawings with access point placement Access point configuration Use plain paper and building layout blueprints as tools Advisable to create database to store site survey information and generate reports Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

29. Survey Security and Site Documents Defining Security Requirements: Consider type of data encryption and type of authentication that will take place across WLAN Consider existing security policies and procedures Gathering Site-Specific Documentation: Blueprints, facility drawings, and other documents Show specific building infrastructure components Inspecting the site Document changes to blueprints and get visual perspective Behind-the-scenes site inspection Documenting Existing Network Characteristics: New or expanded WLAN will “dovetail” into network already in place Determine degree to which WLAN will interact with other wired networks Legacy systems may require additional equipment to support WLAN Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

30. Performing a Site Survey: Performing the Survey Collecting RF Information: Note objects in and layout of room Use digital camera Position AP Initial location will depend on antenna type Document starting position of AP Using notebook computer with site survey analyzer software running, walk slowly away from AP Observe data displayed by analyzer program Data rate, signal strength, noise floor, and signal-to-noise ratio Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

31. Position of APs Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

32. Collecting RF Information Continue moving until data collected for all areas Data collected used to produce: Coverage pattern: Area where signal can be received from the AP Data rate boundaries: Range of coverage for a specific transmission speed Throughput: Number of packets sent and received and data rates for each Total transmission range: Farthest distance at which signal can be received by wireless device Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

33. Survey Data rate boundaries Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

34. RF Data Collection Collecting Non-RF Information: Sources of interference can include: Wire mesh security windows, Aquariums, Outer walls, Ceramic or marble floors, Concrete floors or pillars, Security booth bullet-proof glass, Mirrors, and Elevator shafts or filing cabinets Electrical and network connections Outdoor Surveys: Similar to indoor surveys, but must consider climatic conditions, trees, different possibilities for antenna positions Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

35. Performing a Site Survey: Performing the Survey Outdoor Surveys (continued): Different tools may be required GPS Range finder Tape measure Lighting beacons, flares, and spotlights Finalizing the Survey Documents: Final result is map of optimal areas of coverage for placement of access point If results unacceptable, must relocate AP and start over Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

36. Creating the Site Survey Report Narrative section: State customer requirements Outline methodology Outline all steps taken during survey Clearly state results of measurements May have tables of measurements Recommendations Should always address security Graphic section: Generally includes maps and diagrams of coverage area Data rate coverage map Signal-to-noise ratio plot Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

37. Table of measurements Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

38. Data rate coverage map Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

39. 3-D signal-to-noise ratio plot is the output of some survey applications Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

40. Preparing for a Site Survey • Facilities Analysis (Floor Plan, Maps, Satellite Imagery) Satellite or Ariel Imagery Floor Plan – Network WLAN Naming Convention Santa Maria,SM BLDG-A BLDG-B Maps of Campus/Facilities wlan-sm-bldga-rm12ap3 RM-12-AP3 RM-12-AP4 RM-10-AP2

41. Existing Networks • Is there already a network in place? • Wired • Wireless • Wired-Wireless • Topology – Location of existing equipment • Current User’s Requirements

42. Area Usage and Towers • Indoors, outdoors, or both. • Indoor • Building Type Floor Plan • HVAC Security • Outdoor • Weather Security • Towers Power • Environmental Obstructions (RF)

43. Purpose & Business Requirement • Purpose, Needs, and Expectations • Define Business Model • User needs • Interview with client and users • Wireless impact on business operation

44. Bandwidth & Roaming • Bandwidth and Throughput • 802.11 a, b, g, n and Bluetooth • Number of Users • Types of Applications • Environmental changes as a function of seasons. • Mobility or Roaming needs

45. Available Resources • Project Budget • Time Line • Trained Personnel • Floor Plans, CAD • Existing Site Survey Reports • Access to Equipment and Site Areas

46. Security Requirements • Network Security – Wired and Wireless • Corporate Mandated Security • Current Security Policies • Hierarchy of Data Security • Training of Users

47. Site Survey Equipment • Access Point, PC Card, and USB Adaptor • Antennas, Cables, and Connectors • Desktops, Laptops, and PDA’s • Power Supplies and Batteries • Ladder, Measure, and Hand Tools • Analysis Software • GPS, Cell Phone, Walkie-Talkie • Forms, Floor Plans, and Paper

48. Site Survey Equipment

49. Site Survey Software Netstumbler - www.netstumbler.comThis program is great for seeing what other access points are nearby. This can help you by seeing what other SSID's are around so you know what NOT to name yours, as well as help you pick a channel that doesn't have a lot of people using it, giving you a better signal between your access point and your client. Works only with certain cards. Windows and PocketPC versions are available. Kismet - www.kismetwireless.netThis program is similar to Netstumbler, though for the open source world. Additional features that Kismet has include the ability to log any traffic heard, as well as providing additional detailed information. Unlike Netstumbler, Kismet is COMPLETELY passive, meaning no transmitting is done to obtain any of the information shown. Great for finding rogue access points as well as their users in a corporate environment. *nix, Familiar (Linux on iPAQ) and Sharp Zaurus versions are available.

50. Site Survey Software Airsnort - airsnort.shmoo.comThis program was used in the early days of 802.11b to determine whether or not your access point and/or wireless adapters used insecure initialization values for the RC4 encryption used by WEP. Many newer AP's and cards have resolved this by not using the 3000-something weak IV's that could lead to the WEP key being cracked. *nix/X-Windows version available. Also WPA and WPA2 are now in use.