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Wireless Networking WAN Design Module-06

Wireless Networking WAN Design Module-06. Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island. Presentation Reference Material. CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett Chapter-5 Pages 204-231

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Wireless Networking WAN Design Module-06

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  1. Wireless NetworkingWAN DesignModule-06 Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  2. Presentation Reference Material • CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett • Chapter-5 Pages 204-231 • The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  3. IEEE 802.11 Service Sets • Basic Service Sets – 3 types • Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) • Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) • Extended Basic Service Set (ESS) Note: The BSS is the fundamental building block for all 802.11 wireless networks. • Note: • for IEEE 802.3 each device on the network is a node or host • for IEEE 802.11 each device on the network is a Station (STA)

  4. Basic Service Set BSS - The Basic Service Set is a term used to describe the collection of Stations which may communicate together within an 802.11 WLAN. • Basic Service Set (BSS): Group of wireless devices served by single AP • infrastructure mode • BSS must be assigned unique identifier • Service Set Identifier (SSID) • Serves as “network name” for BSS • Basic Service Area (BSA): Geographical area of a BSS • Max BSA for a WLAN depends on many factors • Dynamic rate shifting: As mobile devices move away from AP, transmission speed decreases

  5. Extended Service Set • ESS - is comprised of a number BSS’s • ESS stations must have the same SSID • The BSSID is the “name” of the BSS (not same as SSID) • APs can be positioned so that cells overlap to facilitate roaming • Wireless devices choose AP based on signal strength • Stations going from one BSS to another will deal with Handoff ESS SSID Wired LAN BSS2 (BSSID2) BSS3 (BSSID3) BSS1 (BSSID1)

  6. IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Independent Basic Service Set • Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS): Wireless network that does not use an AP • Wireless devices communicate between themselves • Peer-to-peer or ad hoc mode • BSS more flexible than IBSS in being able to connect to other wired or wireless networks • IBSS useful for quickly and easily setting up wireless network • When no connection to Internet or external network needed

  7. Service Set Identifiers - SSID and BSSID • SSID -Service Set Identifier is a 1-32 byte alphanumeric sequence that uniquely names an ESS (the network name). • Any SSID or Null SSID is a blank SSID used to associate with anyone. • BSSID- Basic Service Set Identifier is a 48-bits that uniquely identifies a BSS AP Wired LAN ESS Id = SSID BSS Id = BSSID

  8. Reassociation Wired LAN Access Points 1 2 Reassociation Request 1 Link Fading Wireless Clients

  9. Load Balancing or Sharing Wired LAN Access Points 1 2 2 2 1 1 Wireless Clients 1 2

  10. WLAN IP Addressing • In standard networking, IP protocol responsible for moving frames between computers • Network layer protocol • TCP/IP works on principle that each network host has unique IP address • Used to locate path to specific host • Routers use IP address to forward packets • Prohibits mobile users from switching to another network and using same IP number • Users who want to roam need new IP address on every network

  11. Mobile IP • Provides mechanism within TCP/IP protocol to support mobile computing • Computers given home address, • Static IP number on home network • Home agent: Forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where mobile computer located • When computer moves to foreign network, a foreign agent provides routing services • Assigns computer a care-of address • Computer registers care-of address with home agent

  12. Mobile IP Components MN – Mobile Node (VMD) FA – Foreign Agent (MAP) HA – Home Agent (MAP) AAP – Authoritative Access Point MAP – Mobile IP Access Point (MN) VMD – Visiting Mobile Device (MN) COA – Care-of-Address HAN – Home Agent Network FAN – Foreign Agent Network CN – Correspondent Node CCRI J. Bernardini

  13. Subnets and Mobile IP • Subnets provide many advantages: • make network management easier • Subnets reduce broadcasts • Subnets provide security • Subnets use subnet masks (255.255.255.0) • WLAN subnets creates problems for roaming devices • Example: • 192.146.118.20 /24 can seamlessly roam within 192.146.118.x /24 • Note /24 is a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask • 192.146.118.20 /24 can not seamlessly roam within 202.165.200.x /24 without changing the IP address • Mobile IP offers a solution • 192.146.118.20 can roam as a “guest” on the 202.165.200.x network CCRI J. Bernardini

  14. Mobile IP Devices • Visiting Device • Some APs support Mobile IP and Visiting devices • Mobile IP Access Point • Performs all Mobile IP services • Home Agent • Visiting devices home router • Tunnels packets from “visited” network to “visiting” device • Authoritative Access Point (AAP) • Uses a subnet map to track all home “visiting” devices • Foreign Agent • A router the is the attachment point for “visiting” devices • Tunnels packets to the Home Agent for the “visiting” device CCRI J. Bernardini

  15. Mobile IP Process - Discovery Mobile IP 3-Step Process 1-Discovery 2-Registration 3-Tunneling 2 MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent 3 1 4 1- Mobile Node (MN) gets address from Home Agent (HA) 2- MN moves to Foreign Agent (FA ) network 3- MN discovers FA or solicits for an agent. 4- MN gets Care-of-Address (COA) from FA CCRI J. Bernardini

  16. Mobile IP Process - Registration Mobile IP 3-Step Process 1-Discovery 2-Registration 3-Tunneling 5 10 7 12 8 6 9 MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent CN – Correspondent Node 11 5- MN send registration request to FA 6- FA checks request, adds MN to pending list 7- FA relays request to HA 8- HA checks request and creates a mobile binding 9- HA sends registration reply to FA 10- FA checks reply and adds MN to visitor list and relays reply to MN 11-FA creates a routing entry and tunnel to HA 12- MN check reply and creates a tunnel to the HA Through the FA CCRI J. Bernardini

  17. Mobile IP- Tunneling and Packet Forwarding MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent CN – Correspondent Node COA- Care-of-Address 13 14 15 13- Correspondent Node (CN) sends packet to MN and is routed to HA 14- HA intercepts packets and tunnels to the FA using the COA 15- FA relays the packets to the MN CCRI J. Bernardini

  18. Infrastructure Mode CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition

  19. Channel reuse CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition

  20. Flip flop between access points CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition

  21. WLAN Design Models • Point-to-Point (PtP) • Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  22. WLAN Modes • Single MAC Model • Edge, Autonomous, Stand-Alone, Fat-AP • Split MAC Model • Centralized, Thin-AP • Mesh Network • Distributed, Multipath, IEEE 802.11s Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  23. Single MAC Model Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  24. Split MAC Model Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  25. WLAN Model Evolution • Intelligent Edge(Distribution) • Quick to setup but for small-medium networks • Difficult to mage for large networks • WLAN Network Management Systems • Centralized Management Distribution Processing • For large networks • Centralized WLAN Architecture (Split MAC) • For large networks with centralized controller • Large amount of wiring needed • Distributed Data Forwarding (DDF) WLAN • Similar to Split MAC but uses Fat-AP • Unified WLAN Architecture • Wireless built in to every thing including switches Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  26. WLAN Power Management Features • Active Mode • No power saving but improved station and AP performance • For desktops and line powered laptops • Power Save Mode • Dozing and Wake modes • Switches to wake to check for frames • WMM Power Save • U-APSD Unscheduled Automatic Power-Save Delivery • This is an industry certification • IEEE 802.11e-2005 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  27. Power Management • A WLAN laptop must remain “awake” in order to receive network transmissions • Original IEEE 802 standard assumes stations always ready to receive network messages • Power management: Allows mobile devices to conserve battery life without missing transmissions • Transparent to all protocols • Differs based on WLAN configuration • AP records which stations awake and sleeping • Buffering: If sleeping, AP temporarily stores frames

  28. Power Management • At set times AP send out beacon to all stations • Contains traffic indication map (TIM) • At same time, all sleeping stations switch into active listening mode • Power management in ad hoc mode: • Ad hoc traffic indication message (ATIM) window: Time at which all stations must be awake • Wireless device sends beacon to all other devices • Devices that previously attempted to send a frame to a sleeping device will send ATIM frame indicating that receiving device has data to receive and must remain awake

  29. Continuous Aware Mode • Constantly Awake Mode provides the best performance allowing the client a strong connection between the wireless card and the AP; however, it also rapidly drains the client’s battery, resulting in shorter battery life.

  30. Power Management with TIM/DTIM/ATIM • Traffic Indication Map (TIM) • A table stored on the AP of all STA’s in Power Save mode • TIM is used to determine which STA’s require frame buffering • Every Beacon contains a TIM • Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) • Used to manage STAs and to program wakeup • Sent on every few (third or some interval)Beacon • Ad Hoc Traffic Indication Message (ATIM) • Use to power manage IBSS Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

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