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The Nature of Matter. The Properties of Matter. What is matter?. Easier to describe than to define. It is the “stuff” that makes up all objects. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object.
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The Nature of Matter The Properties of Matter
What is matter? • Easier to describe than to define. It is the “stuff” that makes up all objects. • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. • Different types of matter – different characteristics or properties (color, odor, ability to dissolve, temperature at which a substance melts or boils)
Two classifications of matter • Mattermay be a substance – a particular kind of matter, all samples of which have the same makeup and properties. A substance is a pure sample of matter. Examples, gold, salt, silver, sugar. • Matter may be a mixture – a combination of two or more kinds of matter that can be separated by physical means. The different kinds of matter in a mixture keep their own properties.
What are substances? • There are two kinds of substances: elements and compounds • Elementsare substances that cannot be made into simpler substances by ordinary means.Elements are made up of only one type of atom. There are currently 117 different elements, 90 occur naturally, most in compounds.
What is a compound? • A compoundis a substance that is made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. Water, salt and sugar are all compounds. Compounds keep their properties during some changes. But compounds can be broken down into their individual elements.
What about mixtures? • Mixtures can be uniform or non-uniform. • Most matter occurs as mixtures. Some mixtures are uniform throughout like brass. It is a uniform mixture of zinc and copper. However, non-uniform mixtures vary in composition and properties from one point in the mixture to another.
The Nature of Matter Four states of matter
Four forms or states of matter • Solid - definite volume, definite shape • Liquid – definite volume, no definite shape • Gas – no definite shape or volume • Plasma – a hot gas with electrically charged particles, so no definite shape or volume
Solids • 2 groups of solids • Crystalline – solid whose particles are arranged in regular, repeating 3D patterns • Amorphous – solid whose particles lack a regular, repeating order. All particles are jumbled together
Solids, continued • Particles are very close together in solids • Particles are held together by strong forces of attraction • Particles in matter are always in motion • In a solid, particles vibrate about fixed positions but do not move around freely
Liquids • Particles in a liquid are held together by strong forces of attraction • But forces of attraction are not strong enough to hold liquids in a definite shape • Particles in liquids are always in movement, slipping past one another in non-fixed positions, so a liquid will flow and take the shape of its container
Gases • Particles in a gas are very far apart compared to solids and liquids • Forces between gas particles are very weak. • Gas particles move quickly and collide with one another often. As a result gases mix together easily
Plasma • Plasma only exists in extremely high temperatures, (2000°C) rarely on earth • The sun and other stars are in a plasma state • Particles move very fast and shake violently • Plasma contains positively charged ions and free floating electrons so it conducts electricity
