Raising the Armies

1. Raising the Armies 16.2

2. Robert E. Lee • After attack • Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers • Recruits came forward enthusiastically • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas secede after hearing Lincoln intended to use force against Confederacy • Capital for South – Richmond, Virginia • Recruiting was left to the states

3. Robert E. Lee • Virginian • Owned no slaves • Against secession • Top student in U.S. Military Academy • High grades, graduated second in his class • Lincoln’s first choice • Loyalty to Virginia, resigned from army and joined the Confederates

4. Robert E. Lee Continued • War Preparations • 30,000 Union soldiers training in camps outside Washington D.C. • 20 miles south, thousands of Confederate soldiers gathered at Bull Run • Commanded by General Pierre Beauregard (commanded the guns at Fort Sumter)

5. North vs. South - The Union • Much bigger population (22 million as opposed to 9 million for the South) • 90% of the nation’s manufacturing was in the North • More farms to provide food • 21,000 miles of railroads (the South had 9,000 miles) • Most of the nation’s banks & gold were in the North • Lack of military leadership • At the start of the war, 1/3 of the nation’s military leaders returned home to the South. • This plagued the North throughout the War.

6. North vs. South - The Confederacy • Fighting a defensive war in their own territory • Could win simply by defending its territory until the North grew tired of fighting and left • Military Leadership (biggest strength) • Most of America’s best military leaders were from the South. • Economy could not support a long war • Few factories to produce weapons • Union blockaded Southern ports and cut off trade with Europe • Shortage of money • Serious transportation problems • Rail lines were short and went to seaport towns

7. Division of the States West Virginia separated from Virginia in 1861 and joined the Union in 1863.

8. Johnny Reb and Billy Yank • Most carried musket (accurate up to 80 yards) • Musket replaced by rifle • Much greater danger – more accurate, longer range • Wholesale slaughter • Army food – salt or pickled beef or pork and bread (cornbread for South and hard tack for North), coffee • How to pass the time – play cards, horse races, taking care of equipment, baseball, and music

9. The First Modern War • Changes in Warfare • Not professionals • Tactics • Look for enemies’ weakest point and break through it • Considered geographic, economic, political aspects • Army Organization • Cavalry – gathered information (studied lay of the land), observed troops and availability and locations of supplies and reinforcements • Artillery – manned the big guns • Infantry – “foot soldiers” did most of the fighting

10. Modern War Continued • Changes in fighting • Cannon and accurate rifle fire deadly – opponents dug trenches • Final stage – brutal hand-to-hand combat • Strategy based on geography and enemy information determined battles. • Tools of war • artillery, shells, rifles = more accurate and deadly • Modern war = total war • “Armies sought to destroy the entire productive capacity of the enemy and the will to fight, not just its troops but of its civilians too” (p.556).

11. “On to Richmond” North impatient Troops not ready Gen. McDowell leading Followers Congressmen Newspaper reporters Curious people From Bull Run to Richmond

12. Union North Gen. McDowell 30,000 Poorly trained Confederate South Gen. Johnston and Gen. Beauregard 22,000 Poorly trained From Bull Run to Richmond Cont. Bull Run - first major land battle

13. The battle • McDowell moves west • Confederates begin to back off. • Union almost break southern line • In steps Jackson

14. Jackson stops them cold “There stands Jackson like a stonewall.” Southerners counteracted Union confused Union fled Civil War doctors did not have adequate training or supplies Amputation is most common battlefield surgery The battle

15. After the battle • Union regrouped • Confederates not able to press forward to capital • Lincoln put Gen. McClellan in charge • Whipped Army of the Potomac into shape • McClellan thought he could save the Union by himself. • What is wrong with his thinking?

16. Battle of Seven Pines • McClellan too cautious • Down the Chesapeake up the York and James • Delayed • Johnston attacked • Neither won; Johnston wounded • Robert E. Lee now in charge for Army of Northern Virginia

17. Seven Days Before Richmond • Lee sent Jackson’s troops toward Washington. • Many Union troops sent to help • Jackson’s men back to Richmond • Jackson and Lee’s forces combine and all out attack on Union forces. • Union losses= 15,000 • Confederate losses= 20,000 • Winner: No one

18. Homework • Read 16.3 pg. 560-567 • Thinking Critically 1 or 2

19. Homework • Complete the North vs South Worksheet in your Zoho document

20. Abraham Lincoln & Jefferson Davis Abe Lincoln Jefferson Davis • His leadership provided the Union with a great advantage • He was patient, thoughtful and tolerant of others • He was devoted to keeping the Union together • Devoted to the secessionist cause, but had to manage 11 VERY independent states • Was hoping to be chosen as the leader of the Confederate Army, but was elected President instead (he didn’t “run” and hated politics)