Trait Approach

1. Trait Approach • Introduction • Common Characteristics • Gordon Allport • Henry Murray • Raymond Cattell • The Big Five Model • The Interpersonal Circumplex • Modern Applications of the Trait Approach • Criticisms & Limitations • Strengths

3. I. Introduction

4. II. Common Characteristics • Focus on average behavior • Less concerned with underlying mechanisms • Less to say about personality change

5. III. Gordon Allport • Nomothetic versus ideographic approaches to personality • Central traits • Secondary traits • Cardinal traits • The proprium

6. IV. Henry Murray • Personology • Psychogenic needs • Some examples: • Achievement • Affiliation • Dominance • Nurturance • Play

7. V. Raymond Cattell • Factor analysis • The 16 Personality Factor Inventory

10. VI. The Big Five Approach

11. VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex

12. Sample Scatter Plot

14. Correlation Matrix

15. Interpersonal Dimensions Forceful Assertive Dominant Hostile Friendly Cold Cruel Kind Agreeable Submissive Meek Timid

19. Laws of Complementarity • Dominance pulls submission • Submission pulls dominance • Friendliness pulls friendliness • Hostility pulls hostility

20. Interpersonal Circumplex Types • Hostile-Submissive Types: • Rebellious Distrustful Personality • Self-effacing Masochistic Personality • Friendly-Submissive Types • Docile Dependent Personality • Cooperative Overconventional Personality

21. Interpersonal Circumplex Types • Friendly-Dominant Types: • Responsible Hypernormal Personality • Managerial Autocratic Personality • Hostile-Dominant Types • Competitive Narcissistic Personality • Aggressive Sadistic Personality

22. VIII. Modern Applications of the Trait Approach • Type A Behavior • The MMPI

23. MMPI • Example of an “empirically derived” test • Questions “earn” their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc…)

24. Simulated MMPI Items

25. Simulated MMPI Items

26. MMPI Clinical Scales

27. MMPI Clinical Scales

30. IX. Criticisms & Limitations

31. X. Strengths

32. The Biological Perspective • Introduction • Genetic Factors in Personality • Eysenck’s Theory of Personality • Temperament • Cerebral Activation Patterns • Evolutionary Personality Theory

33. I. Introduction

34. II. Genetic Factors in Personality

35. (Tellegen et al., 1988)

36. III. Eysenck’s Theory of Personality

37. Eysenck’sSupertraits or Types • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Psychoticism

38. Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model Extraversion Activity Liveliness Sociability Impulsiveness Excitability HR1 HR2 HR3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. SR1 SR2 SR3 SR4

39. Eysenck’s Two-Factor Model

40. Extraversion & Mood Positive Mood Score

41. IV. Temperament

43. Buss & Plomin’s Temperament Factors • Activity • Vigor, tempo • Emotionality • Fear, anger, distress • Sociability • Attention of others, share activities, interaction • (Impulsivity)

44. Temperament and Genetics Degree of Correlation

45. V. Cerebral Activation Patterns

46. VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory

47. What if Charles Darwin had been a psychologist? “So, tell me about your mother…”

48. The Humanistic Approach • Introduction • The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers • Modern Humanistic Concepts

49. I. Introduction

50. Roots of the Humanistic Movement • Existential philosophy • The ideas of Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow