The Concepts Of Cloning And Cloning Technologies

1. The Concepts Of Cloning And Cloning Technologies James Arp Andrew Stanley

2. Discussion Topics • Scientific Developments of the 18th and 19th Century • Cloning • The Benefits of Cloning • Views of People and Organizations • Risks of Cloning • Common Misconceptions • Relevance

3. Scientific Developments During 18th & 19th Century • Origin of Species – Charles Darwin • Natural Selection • Vaccination • Rabies – Louis Pasteur • Small Pox Vaccine – Edward Jenner • Electricity • Light Bulb – Thomas Edison • Lightning rod – Benjamin Franklin • Law of Conservation of Mass – Antoine Lavoisier • Photosynthesis – Jan Ingenhousz

4. What is Cloning? • The creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another • There are three types of cloning technologies • Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA cloning • Reproductive cloning • Therapeutic cloning

5. Recombinant DNA Technology • The transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element • This technology has existed since the 1970s • Bacterial plasmids are often used to generate multiple copies of the same gene • Cloning a gene requires the gene of interest to be isolated from chromosomal DNA from the DNA fragment

6. Reproductive Cloning • Generates an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently existing animal • Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer • Dolly

7. Therapeutic Cloning • Embryo Cloning • Production of human embryos for use in research • Harvesting of stem cells

8. Potential Benefits in Research In Goethe's Faust, Faust's soul was saved by the Lord, "recognizing the value of Faust's unending striving.“ – (Faust) • Human experimentation • Further comprehension of the human anatomy and genome • Cell development • Animal experimentation • Less animals required • Reduce variability in experiments • Further advancement in cloning technologies • Increase efficiency

9. Potential Benefits in Medicine "Life and Death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world” – Frankenstein • Transplants • Creation of vital organs • Cures for cancers and disease • Filter out diseases through tests • Reprogramming cancerous cells • Could prevent miscarriages • Less abortions • Prevent transfer of disease from parent to offspring • Nerve cell replacement • Transgenic Animals • Creation of certain proteins to address bodily deficiencies • Drug Factories • Xenotransplantation

10. Potential Benefits in Medicine "In the end, when Dolly finally emerges from the womb, the most famous little lamb in history, the event is as joyful and wondrous as any other live birth.” – Ed Regis • Solution to infertility • Certain traits • Not necessarily an entire clone • Increase chances of pregnancy

11. Potential Benefits in Politics "All is not lost; the uncontrollable will, and study of revenge, immortal hate, and courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?” – Satan • Creation of clones specifically programmed for the battlefield • Reduces the loss of loved ones • Instill world peace • Ongoing war may impose lethargy for brutal force

12. Potential Benefits in the Economy “If they made both male and female sheep that carried the added gene, they could breed these sheep and have a self-perpetuating flock of living drug factories.” – Ed Regis • Agriculture • Livestock • Eliminates artificial insemination with elite semen and embryo transfer • Provide reproduction of an entire genome of an elite species • Disease resistant • Performance specialization • Genetic conservation • Less costly

13. Costs and Risks of Cloning • Expensive • Requires biological expertise • Highly inefficient • Unviable offspring • Low success rate • Threatens genetic diversity • Weakening adaptation • Interfering with natural evolution • Tampering with “Mother Nature” • Alteration of certain traits • Threatens human and animal rights • Habituation of malpractices • Threatens humanity as a species • Obsoletes the average man

14. Common Misconceptions • Cloning is “playing God” • Cloning is not a natural process • A clone will not have a soul • A clone will be emotionally identical • Someone could own a clone • An unconscious clone would be produced to supply organs • Great individuals of the past could be reborn • Cloning may harm the embryo

15. Views of People and Organizations • The Catholic Church: John Paul II released a statement condemning the cloning of all life forms. The Vatican also issued a statement that only condemned human cloning, but did not address other forms. • Judaism: The Chief Rabbi of Israel, Meir Law, stated that the cloning of any creature is against Jewish law. However, some believe cloning in order to produce better food and medication would be allowable in Jewish tradition. • Libertarian Party: Steve Dasch, chairman- "Politicians should not have veto power over the creation of new life - especially human life...That’s why the Libertarian Party supports reproductive freedom of choice for Americans-whether they choose to reproduce using the traditional method, or artificial insemination, or in-vitro fertilization, or cloning... if cloning research is banned, millions of people could suffer." • Foundation of Economic Trends: Jeremy Rifkin, president- Proposing a world-wide ban on cloning, he says it should carry a penalty "on par with rape, child abuse, and murder.“ • Church of England Board of Social Responsibility: Mary Seller- "The antics of a few cranks and Hitler types" should not impede cloning research. "Cloning. like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning humans is not desirable. But cloning sheep has its uses." • Clones Rights United Front:Randolfe Wicker, founder- "would be my identical twin, and my identical twin has a right to be born."We’re fighting for research, and we’re defending people’s reproductive rights... I realize my clone

16. Relevance • Alienation and Loneliness/ Duty and Responsibility- • Guidance and Protection • Tipping the Balance of Nature • Appearances and Reality- • Differentiating clone from non-clone • Nature vs. Nurture- • Considering Clones as soul-less • Teaching morals and ethics • Forbidden knowledge/ Science vs. Nature- • Creating life using technology • Power comes with Responsibility • Religious views • Beauty of Nature • Meaningful creation of life

17. Conclusion • Cloning may aid the Human Race by: • Helping us understand more about ourselves • Curing disease • Ridding many species of genetic disabilities • Prolonging life and possibly preventing violent unwanted death • Giving others the chance to experience life when natural circumstances wouldn’t allow them to

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