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PLANTS. GARDEN. RSBS 18 August 2011 Jonathan Loh You Qing. OVERVIEW. SPICES. “I often quote myself. It adds spice to my conversations.” - George Bernard Shaw. SPICES: Outline. History & uses Aroma & essential oils (volatile organic oils). History & Uses. Peppercorn & currency
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PLANTS GARDEN RSBS 18 August 2011 Jonathan Loh You Qing
SPICES “I often quote myself. It adds spice to my conversations.” - George Bernard Shaw
SPICES: Outline • History & uses • Aroma & essential oils (volatile organic oils)
History & Uses • Peppercorn & currency • Funeral pyres & anointing • The Spice Trade (3BC – 19th Century) • Mainly…enhancing flavours • Intro: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bttLYrg9CzI
Coriander • Coriandrumsativum; Family Umbelliferae • Leaves, fruits used • Uses (fruits): • 45% of curry powder • Diuretic, carminative, stomachic, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac properties • Essential oils for pharmaceuticals
Coriander • Fruits: • Essential oils (0.4-1.0% Vol./Weight), mainly linalool (floral with touch of spiciness) • Minor; a-pinene, g-terpinene, geranyl acetate, camphor, geraniol • Roots, stems, leaves: Aldehydes
Chinese Matrimony Vine • Lyciumchinensis; Family Solanaceae • Native to China, Japan (bonsai plant) • Fruits used • TCM tonic: leaves into tea, fruits into wine • Seeds: aphrodisiac properties, roots: antifebrile, antirheumatic tonic
Chinese Matrimony Vine • Fruits rich in carotene (more orange, more β-carotene) • Carotenes & photosynthesis • Protect plant against UV • Prevent decline in cognition • Anti-oxidant • Pro-Vitamin A (vision)
Torch Ginger • Etlingeraelatior; Family Zingiberaceae • Flowering shoot: laksa, rojak
The spices lah! • Braised pork belly/pig’s trotters: • Star anise • Cloves • Cinnamon • Garlic • Briyani: • Star anise • Nutmeg • Cumin • Pepper • Cloves • Cardamom • Cinnamon • Coriander • Ginger • Onions • Garlic
Cloves • Syzgiumaromaticus; Family Myrtaceae • Native to the Moluccas (Indonesia), used since the time of Christ • Major spice in spice trade
Cloves • Dried unopened flower buds used • Essential oils: eugenol, eugenyl acetate, b-caryophyllene • Distillation into clove oil for perfumes, cleaning agent, poultices, stomach rub
Cardamom • Elettaria cardamom; Family Zingiberaceae • Dried whole fruits, seeds used • One of the most expensive (labour in harvesting, processing; ripening irreg.) • Essential oil from seeds: 1,8-cinerole, a-terpinyl acetate, oleoresin • Heart tonic, carminative, diuretic, laxative, stomachic
Star Anise • Illiciumverum; Family Illiaceae • More in Chinese than Western cooking • Treatment of lumbago, vomiting, promote menstruation
Star Anise • Catechin, pro-anthocyanidin • Essential oils: • Anethole (liquorice taste) • Chavicol (peppery tatse) • Anisaldehyde (vanilla-like taste) • Manufacture of Tamiflu: Shikimic acid
FRUITS “Everyone who enjoys thinks that the principal thing to the tree is the fruit, but in point of fact the principal thing to it is the seed. -- Herein lies the difference between them that create and them that enjoy.” - Friedrich Nietzsche
FRUITS: Outline • Basic fruit structure • Classification: By Placentation • Classification: By Fruits • Intro: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6rFCMTfFog
Placentation • Marginal • Blue pea • Parietal • Papaya • Laminar / Superficial • Water lily • Axile • Tomato • Free-central • Kiwi • Basal • Sunflower
S. A. M. • Simple: • Formed from 1 flower; ovary has 1 carpel / many fused carpels. • Aggregate: • Develop from 1 flower with many free carpels; 1 fruit from 1 carpel. • E.g. Strawberry • Multiple: • Develop from inflorescence as a bunch. • Juicy part: stalk holding bracts up. • E.g. Pineapple
Pistil Androecium Corolla Calyx
S > Succulent > Berry • Pericarp fleshy throughout • No hard stony endocarp • Many seeds embedded in pulp
S > Succulent > Berry • Hesperidia: • Epicarp, mesocarp fused to form thick layer • Endocarp membranous, divides central pulp into little sections
S > Succulent > Berry • Pepo: • Outer wall of pericarp develops from receptacle, becomes firm and hard • Inside remains soft with seeds embedded
S > Succulent > Pome • Fleshy part: fusion of receptacle & fruit wall Epicarp
S > Succulent > Drupe • Pericarp divided into epicarp (outer skin), mesocarp (thick, fleshy), endocarp (stony) *Coconut: mesocarp- fibrous husk, endosperm- white flesh
S > Dry > Dehiscent • Dehiscents: Split open when ripe, scattering seeds
S > Dry > Dehiscent • Follicle: • Forms from 1 ovary with 1 carpel, splits open on only 1 side • Peony
S > Dry > Dehiscent • Legume: • Fruit forms from 1 ovary with 1 carpel; split open on 2 sides • Blue Pea • Capsule: • Fruit is many-seeded • Split in various ways • Carpels fused into an ovary • Durian
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Indehiscents: Dry fruit wall, does not split open to release seeds; wall must decay before seeds released
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Achene: • Fruit with single loose seed • Seed coat does not fuse with fruit wall • *Cypsela: calyx forms hair-like structures, in Tridax
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Caryopsis/Grain: • One-seeded fruit, seed coat fused with fruit wall • Cereals, e.g. maize
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Nut: • Pericarp becomes hard and woody/leathery • Fruit formed from ovary where carpels have fused • Usually 1 seed • Cashewnut, chestnut
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Samara: • Outer wall of pericarp flattened (angsana, Casuarina) • Sepals enlarged to form wing-like structures (Dipterocarpus) • Fruit has 1 or 2 seeds
S > Dry > Indehiscent • Schizocarp: • Fruits formed from ovary where carpels fused • Ripening, carpels split open; each part indehiscent, does not release seed • Desmodium, carrot, castor
Join the Organic Rebellion at:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVrIyEu6h_E
MEDICINAL PLANTS “The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while Nature cures the disease.” - Voltaire
Jackfruit • Artocarpusheterophyllus; Family Moraceae • Chemicals: acetylcholine, hydrocyanic acid • Burma, China, Philippines: sap used to treat ulcers, abscesses (area swollen with pus) • Fruit pulp: cooling agent, tonic • Roots: treat diarrhoea, wood for convulsions