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Hormone Study

Superior Endocrine Organs. Hormone Study. Inferior Endocrine Organs. Growth Hormone. Prolactin. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). Oxytocin. Antidiuretic Hormone.

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Hormone Study

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  1. Superior Endocrine Organs Hormone Study Inferior Endocrine Organs

  2. Growth Hormone Prolactin Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone Aldosterone Cortisol Adrenal Androgen Epinenphrine & Norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon

  3. Previous Next Gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults Promotes protein synthesis and encourages use of fats for fuel; elevates blood glucose (anti-insulin effects of GH) Hormonal; increased by hypothalmic GHRH and decreased by Hypothalmic GHIH (somatostatin) Most cells, but especially bone and skeletal muscle Pituitary dwarfism Gland Click on the header button to view that information. Peptide Type Growth Hormone Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  4. Previous Next Overproduction of breast milk Milk production in lactiferous glands of the breast Mammary glands of the breast Gland Hormonal; released in response to hypothalmic prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) stimulated by suckling Underproduction of breast milk Peptide Type Prolactin Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  5. Previous Next Gland Hormonal; released in response to hypothalamic GnRH during and after puberty. Suppressed by neg. feedback of gonadal hormones. Ovaries and Testes Peptide Stimulation of gamete (egg or sperm) production Type Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) Infertility Infertility Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  6. Previous Next Gland Hormonal; released in response to hypothalamic GnRH during and after puberty. Suppressed by neg. feedback of gonadal hormones. Promotes production of gonadal hormones like testosterone and estrogen Ovaries and Testes Type Polycystic ovarian disease Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Peptide Infertility Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  7. Previous Next Gland Causes follicular cells of the thyroid to produce precursors (predecessor molecules) to T3 & T4 Hormonal; released in response to hypothalamic thyroid releasing hormone (TRH). Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones T3 & T4 Follicular cells of the thyroid Type Peptide Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Hypothyroidism Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  8. Previous Next Gland Hormonal; triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in a daily rhythm; also by fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors. Causes release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and gonadocorticoids (androgens or precursors to testosterone & estrogen) in the zona fasciculata & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex Pituitary Cushing’s Disease – “Moon face”, “buffalo hump”, hyperhidrosis, baldness, hypertension, depression of immune system Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism) – fatigue, weight loss, skin darkening, hypotension Type Cortex of the adrenal glands Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  9. Previous Next Gland Labor that is slow to progress; insufficient milk “letdown”; less trust & bonding Uterine smooth muscle; breast, amygdala of the brain diencephalon Stronger labor contractions (possibly leading to fetal distress), hyperactive milk “letdown”; more trust & bonding Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk; sexual arousal; increases level of trust between males & females, mate bonding, & mother-newborn bonding Neural; Stretching of uterus, sexual arousal, hearing baby’s cry & suckling; enhanced release by positive feedback; stimulus removal inhibits release Type Oxytocin Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  10. Previous Next Gland Neural; Released under high blood solute concentrations, inhibited by low. Alcohol inhibits ADH release. “Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion” (SIADH), common in CHS injury patients trauma, some cancers; causes hyponatremia Inhibits diuresis (urine production) and increases blood pressure Diabetes insipidus; dehydration from excessive urine output; intense thirst Type Tubules of the kidneys Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  11. Previous Next Gland Hormonal; released in response to TRH from the anterior pituitary. Rising TH levels provide negative feedback. Hypothalamic TRH can overcome the negative feedback during pregnancy or exposure to cold. Increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect); indirectly involved in BP, tissue growth, skeletal & nervous development, reproduction Grave’s disease; fatigue, goiter, weight loss, hypertension, exopthalmos, breasts in men, nervousness, restlessness In adults, hypothyroidism (myxedema) & endemic goiter if iodine deficient; in children, cretinism. Can arise from autoimmune or Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism; fatigue, cold sensitivity, depression, puffy face, weight gain Skeletal and muscle tissue Type Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  12. Previous Next Gland Humoral; released by thryroid parafollicular C cells when blood Ca+2 is high; inhibited when blood Ca+2 is low. Regulated by negative feedback mechanism. Antagonist to parathyroid hormone. Decreases blood calcium levels by causing bone calcium deposition; inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates osteoblasts. Hypocalcemic effect. Type Possible hypercalcemia but thyroid removal doesn’t effect Ca+2 homeostasis. Calcitonin Possible hypocalcemia Bone Tissue Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  13. Previous Next Humoral; released if blood Ca+2 is low; rising calcium levels inhibit release. Antagonist to calcitonin. Gland Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone. Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium. Increases Ca+2 absorption by intestines. Hypercalcemic effect. Hyperparathyroidism; softening of bones, depressed nervous system, blurred vision Hypoparathyroidism leads to muscle spasms, respiratory paralysis, death Type Parathyroid Hormone Peptide Bone tissue Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  14. Previous Next Aldosteronism usually from adrenal tumors; causes hypertension & edima due to excessive Na+ & excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons & muscle Stimulates tubules of the kidney to reabsorb (save) Na+ and retain water; increases blood pressure; causes secreation of K+ in the urine Hormonal; decreased BP stimulates kidneys renin and thus angiotensin II release stimulating aldosterone release. Also released by humoral hyponatremia/ hyperkalemia ACTH causes release during stress. Aldosterone release inhibited by heart atrial natururetic peptide (ANP). Gland Steroid, mineralocorticoid Aldosterone insufficiency causes sodium loss, hyperkalemia, acidosis Type Aldosterone Tubules of the kidneys Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  15. Previous Next Gland Hormonal; released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH; patterns of eating & activity, stress Cushing’s disease: depression of cartilage & bone formation, reduction of inflammatory response, depression of immune system; “moon face”, “buffalo hump” Maintains blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors; promotes normal cell metabolism and rise in blood glucose (hyperglycemia hormone). Decreases edema & pain-producing prostaglandins. Addison’s disease (adrenalcortico insufficiency): coupled with deficits in aldosterone, decrease in glucose & Na+ levels, weight loss, severe dehydration, & hypotension; skin pigmentation. Type Steroid, glucocorticoid Cortisol Nearly all cells Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  16. Previous Next Hormonal; Stimulated by ACTH from the hypothalamus; inhibition mechanism unknown Gland Urogenital tissue, hair follicles, muscle and bone tissue Contributes to the onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive. Note that testosterone made from testes or estrogen from ovaries is far more abundant than androgens from the adrenals, and plays the largest role in sex determination, etc. Virilization (rapid sex development); in children: pubic hair, acne, body odor, muscle & skeletal growth, precocious puberty; in adults: cessation of menstruation, excessive hair, masculination Often associated with Addison’s disease (adrenalcortico insufficiency) since the whole adrenal cortex makes insufficient hormones Type Adrenal Androgen (Precursors to testosterone & estrogen) Steroid, gonadocorticoid Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  17. Previous Next Gland Neural; Released in response to sympathetic stimulation; inhibited by lack of stimulus Epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, & blood flow to skeletal muscles & the heart. Norepinephrine influences peripheral vasoconstriction & blood pressure Adrenergic receptors on many different organs and tissues Type Prolonged fight-or-flight response, hypertension Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Effects relatively unimportant Catecholamines Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  18. Previous Next Humoral; synthesized in islet beta cells and released in response to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Antagonist to glucagon. Gland Lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into fat & muscle cells. Inhibits glycogen breakdown & reconstruction of glucose from lactic acid. A hypoglycemic hormone. Diabetes mellitus (DM) caused by beta cells hyposecretion (Type I: juvenile) or insulin resistance (Type II: late onset or adult) associated with polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger); acetone breath, hyperpnea (heavy breathing), ketonuria in urine, blood ketoacidosis Hyperinsulinism: excessive insulin secretion; results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness All cells but especially liver, adipose tissue, muscles Type Insulin Peptide Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

  19. Previous Next Gland Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose), gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from lactic acid & non-carbohydrates), release of glucose to the blood. A hyperglycemic hormone Humoral; Synthesized in & released by islet alpha cells in response to low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). Antagonist to insulin. Overproduction develops when insulin levels are too low; causes weight loss, wasting, diabetes mellitus, anemia Type Glucagon Peptide Hypoglycemia The liver Target Regulation Action Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Home

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