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Standards

Standards. My own lesson in RFID standardization. Technology Standards. Two types of RFID Standards: Technology Standards: ISO 15693 ISO 18000 EPCglobal Application Standards: GTAG TM - Supply Chain (EAN/UCC) ANSI MH10.8.4 - Returnable Containers and Pallets

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Standards

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  1. Standards

  2. My own lesson in RFID standardization

  3. Technology Standards • Two types of RFID Standards: • Technology Standards: • ISO 15693 • ISO 18000 • EPCglobal • Application Standards: • GTAGTM - Supply Chain (EAN/UCC) • ANSI MH10.8.4 - Returnable Containers and Pallets • ANSI MH10.8.8 - Parcels, Packages, and Flat Mail. • ISO 18185 Freight containers/ electronic seals • AIAG - Automotive Industry • UPU - Universal Postal Union • IATA- Airlines 10A10E01810 01601D00F11

  4. RFID Technology Standards Standard Committees Applications Members International Standards Community Key Vendors : Intermec, Philips, TI, TAGSYS, Magellan etc. All applications ISO 18000 MIT Research initiative. Key Sponsors include : P&G, Gillette, Coca-cola, Walmart, Pepsi, Target, UPS, Johnson & Johnson. Then GS1 (EAN UCC) - 1million + member companies. RFID Chips & Tags Retail, HLS & Logistics EPCglobal Animal Tagging ISO 11784/5 International Standards Community Vicinity reading ISO 15693 International Standards Community Contactless cards Proximity Reading Ticketing International Standards Community ISO 14443

  5. Standard Committees <134 KHz 13.56 MHz 900 MHz 2.45 GHz Applications RFID Operating Frequencies Any application ISO 18000 RFID chips/tags Retail, HLS &Logistics EPCglobal Animal Tagging ISO 11784/5 Vicinity Reading (Access Control) Contactless cards ISO 15693 Proximity (Ticketing) ISO 14443

  6. Standard Committees <134 KHz 13.56 MHz 900 MHz 2.45 GHz Applications RFID Operating Frequencies Any application ISO 18000 RFID chips/tags Retail, HLS &Logistics EPCglobal RFID frequency used by libraries Animal Tagging ISO 11784/5 Vicinity Reading (Access Control) Contactless cards ISO 15693 Proximity (Ticketing) ISO 14443

  7. Standard Committees <134 KHz 13.56 MHz 900 MHz 2.45 GHz RFID Operating Frequencies “THE” RFID standard ISO 18000 Incorporated in 18000-6 Part C RFID chips/tags Retail, HLS &Logistics EPCglobal Animal Tagging ISO 11784/5 Incorporated in 18000-3 Mode 1 Vicinity Reading (Access Control) Contactless cards ISO 15693 Proximity (Ticketing) ISO 14443

  8. Standard Committees <134 KHz 13.56 MHz 900 MHz 2.45 GHz RFID Operating Frequencies “THE” RFID standard LIBRARIES ISO 18000 Incorporated in 18000-6 Part C RFID chips/tags Retail, HLS &Logistics EPCglobal RFID frequency used by libraries Animal Tagging ISO 11784/5 Incorporated in 18000-3 Mode 1 Vicinity Reading (Access Control) Contactless cards ISO 15693 Proximity (Ticketing) ISO 14443

  9. ISO 18000 – Is the « key » RFID technology standard • The global home for standards is the International Standards Organisation (ISO). • Although the ISO process is by its nature long, involving six stages and several rounds of voting that are conducted on an international level, it does have the positive side that when a standard has completed these phases it truly does have an international acceptance. • ISO18000 describes the standard communication interface between an RFID tag and reader. (The Air Interface) • ISO18000 is very broad in its coverage. It has several parts, each covers different RFID frequencies. Part 3 covers 13.56 MHz and Part 6 covers UHF. • ISO18000 covers all Classes of RFID tag – Read only, WORM, Read/write etc.

  10. STAGES: 0 Preliminary 1 Proposal 2 Preparatory (WD Working Draft) 3 Committee (CD/FCD) 4 Approval (Final Draft Int Standard) • Publication • International Standard ISO 18000 –relevance to Libraries Parts: 18000-2 (135 kHz) 18000-3 (13.56 MHz) Mode 1 Mode 2 18000-4 (2.45 GHz) 18000-5 (5.8Hz) 18000-6 (UHF) Type A Type B Type C (EPCglobal Gen2) RFID Standard dominantly used by libraries

  11. Considerations re standards Standards change/evolve. Where possible select flexible RFID infrastructure/hardware solutions.

  12. RFID Technology Standards ISO18000What IS standardized ? • defines 3 things : • Physical Layer • Commands • Anti-collision All these relate to the “Air Interface” between the reader and the tag

  13. Physical Layer Must standardize : * frequency * coding (whats a “0” whats a “1”) * data rate

  14. Commands Must standardize : * Commands read tag lock tag write tag wake up retire 10010001110 00001100111

  15. Anti-collision (Multi-read) 11111111000 10010001110 01110001001 Must standardize : Algorithm used to handle dialogue with many tags at once.

  16. RFID Technology Standards ISO18000What IS NOT standardized ? • Security (EAS) not specified in ISO18000 • Data structure not defined • Memory size not defined • Additional proprietary commands

  17. Library application standards : Future work - Security ? • Library Security (EAS on tags) • Defines the security mechanisms. • Should this be standardized? • What levels of security are necessary?

  18. 10010001110 00001100111 Library application standards : Future work - Data Structure • Data Specification • Defines the length, structure and position of Library data on the tag. DATA STRUCTURE

  19. Example: EPCglobal data structure • Version 1.1 specification completed • Option of 64 bit or 96 bit EPC Codes • Data includes: • Header: defines length and identifier type - allows compatability to other numbering schemes, GTIN (global trade item number), GLN (global location number) etc. • EPC Manager : a code signifying the company or organisation managing the numbers in the subsequent fields. • Object Class : a code signifying the product type. • Serial Number : a unique identifier for each item within a product type • In addition to the EPC unique identifier, some tags will have more memory space for User-defined data.

  20. Some considerations re memory size Bigger is more expensive Bigger can be slower

  21. IC complexity drives tag cost Chip (IC): less than 0.04% of the area, but 60% of the cost, of a tag

  22. Strive for efficient memory use. With 64 bits of memory, which is a very modest size of memory, you could program 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different tags all with a particular unique number. Or with 96 bits of memory, you could program 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 different tags all with a particular unique number.

  23. Considerations when working on Data Standards • Simple Message: THE BIGGER THE HOUSE, THE MORE COST, THE MORE MAINTENANCE. • The same is true for Tag ICs • Complexity/Memory size is not free • Carefully evaluate how much memory you really need

  24. TAGSYS with its Partners offers full RFID Library Automation solutions –Tags, Readers, Reader Stations.

  25. Thank You Alastair McArthur Chief Technology Officer TAGSYS alastair.mcarthur@tagsys.net

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