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Who vs. Whom

Who vs. Whom. “Who” is a subjective pronoun (like “he,” “she,” “it,” “we,” and “they”). Use “who” when the pronoun is the subject (the person or thing executing the action) of the clause/sentence. Who vs. Whom. “ Whom” is an objective pronoun (like “him,” “her,” “it,” “us,” and “them”).

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Who vs. Whom

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  1. Who vs. Whom • “Who” is a subjective pronoun (like “he,” “she,” “it,” “we,” and “they”). • Use “who” when the pronoun is the subject (the person or thing executing the action) of the clause/sentence.

  2. Who vs. Whom • “Whom” is an objective pronoun (like “him,” “her,” “it,” “us,” and “them”). • Use “whom” when the pronoun is the object (the person or thing upon whom/which the action is being executed) of the clause/sentence.

  3. Who vs. Whom • When in doubt, substitute “he” or “she” (other subjective pronouns) for “who.” • Example: Who loves you? (He loves you.) • The above works, obviously, but… • Example: Who are you asking to prom? (You are asking she to prom.) • ... this second example not so much. “Who” should be “whom” in the prom example.

  4. Who vs. Whom • You can do a similar substitution exercise for “whom.” Just use the objective pronouns “him” or “her.” • Example: I consulted an attorney whom I met in New York. (I consulted him.)

  5. Which vs. That • “That” is a restrictive pronoun, meaning that it’s essential to the noun to which it refers. When you say “that,” what follows is a clear and specific example of the idea you’re talking/writing about. • Example: I don’t trust fruits and vegetables that are grown in Tennessee. • Here, I’m referring to ALL fruits or vegetables grown in Tennessee. In other words, I only trust fruits or vegetables from other states.

  6. Which vs. That • “Which” introduces a relative clause, allowing for qualifiers that may not be essential to the meaning of the clause/sentence. • Example: I recommend you eat only organic fruits and vegetables, which are available in area grocery stores. • In this case, you don’t have to go to a specific store to buy organic fruits and veggies.

  7. Lay vs. Lie • “Lay” is a transitive verb, which means it needs a direct subject and one or more direct objects. (A person or thing executing the action and people or things upon whom/which the action is being executed). • Example: I lay the pencil on the table.

  8. Lay vs. Lie • “Lie” in an intransitive verb, which means that it needs no object. • Example: The Andes Mountains lie between Argentina and Chile. • Example: I’m going to lie down.

  9. Lay vs. Lie

  10. Affect vs. Effect • “Affect” is almost always (99%) of the time, a verb meaning “to cause.” • Example: Facebook affects people’s attention spans. • “Effect”is almost always a noun describing a result or outcome. • Example: Facebook’s effects can also be positive.

  11. Affect vs. Effect • Exceptions: “Effect” is sometimes used as an intransitive verb meaning to bring about or make happen. • Example: Closing down my Facebook account effected the improvement of my time management habits.

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