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Wood Chemistry PSE 406

Wood Chemistry PSE 406. Bioenergy-Hydrolysis. Agenda. Enzymatic hydrolysis Cellulases Experimental Fermentation Yeast Fermentation process Inhibitors. Bioconversion of biomass to ethanol (hydrolysis). Liquid phase. Sugars. Ethanol. Pretreatment. Fermentation. Biomass. Lignin.

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Wood Chemistry PSE 406

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  1. Wood ChemistryPSE 406 Bioenergy-Hydrolysis

  2. Agenda • Enzymatic hydrolysis • Cellulases • Experimental • Fermentation • Yeast • Fermentation process • Inhibitors

  3. Bioconversion of biomass to ethanol (hydrolysis) Liquid phase Sugars Ethanol Pretreatment Fermentation Biomass Lignin Recovery Solid phase Cellulose Hydrolysis Fermentation Sugars Ethanol

  4. Proteins

  5. Enzymes

  6. Enzyme Function • There are a large number of fungal enzymes responsible for the breakdown of each wood component. Each enzyme plays specific roles: • Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase acts within the chain, breaking it into smaller units and providing more "ends" for CBH. • Cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acts on the end of the molecule successively cleaving off the disaccharide cellobiose. • Beta-glucosidase (or cellobiase) which cleaves cellobiose to two glucose units.

  7. Trichoderma reesei • Trichoderma reesei is an industrially important cellulolytic filamentous fungus. • T. reesei: • present in nearly all soils and other diverse habitats • favored by the presence of high levels of plant roots. Trichoderma reesei

  8. Cellulases Binding domain Catalytic domain Endoglucanases  (EG) cutting the cellulose chains randomly Cellobiohydrolyses (CBH) cutting cellobiose units of the ends of the cellulose chains

  9. “Rapid microassay method (1)” Pretreated substrate Flasks Pretreated substrate Handsheet Microplate

  10. “Rapid microassay method (2)” Microplate Handsheets HPLC Shaker Microplate Reader

  11. “Rapid microassay method (3)” • Advantages over the flask based method: • Faster processing time (10x) • Cheaper (enzyme and substrate requirements 200x) • Efficient (768 versus 30 samples) • Smaller lab area required (30x) • Equipment and development cost (<$3,000) Berlin, A., Bura, R., Gilks, N., and Saddler, J.N., (2005)

  12. Equipment 1mL 200 mL 4L 40L

  13. Enzymatic hydrolysis

  14. Bioconversion of biomass to ethanol (pretreatment) Liquid phase Sugars Ethanol Pretreatment Fermentation Biomass Lignin Recovery Solid phase Cellulose Hydrolysis Fermentation Sugars Ethanol

  15. Fermentation • Defined as: Cellular metabolism under anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen) for the production of energy and metabolic intermediates • Many organisms can “ferment” (i.e., grow anaerobically) • Not all produce ethanol as an end-product of fermentation • Butanol • Acetic acid • Propionic acid • Lactic acid

  16. Strain selection • Choice of microorganism for ethanol production has traditionally been a Yeast • Yeast: • Single cell microorganism • Fungi • Facultative anaerobe • Most common industrial fermenter is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s or brewer’s yeast) • Why?

  17. Why S. cerevisiae? • Has been selected over thousands of years • High ethanol yield and productivity • Relatively simple to culture • G.R.A.S organism • Robust: • High ethanol tolerance • Resistant to inhibitors

  18. Fermentation (1)

  19. Fermentation (2) Conversion factor 0.51 1g/L of glucose: 0.51g/L ethanol (maximum)

  20. Inhibitors • 5 groups of inhibitors • Released during pretreatment and hydrolysis • Acetic acid and extractives • By-products of pretreatment and hydrolysis • HMFs and furfurals, formic acid • Lignin degradation products • Aromatic compounds • Fermentation products • Ethanol, acetic acid, glycerol, lactic acid • Metals released from equipment

  21. HMFs and Furfurals

  22. HMFs, Furfurals

  23. Experimental Steam Explosion (solid +liquid fraction) Corn fibre Hydrolysis Fermentation SHF 50°C, pH 4.8 48 hours 30°C, pH 6 12 hours Steam Explosion (solid +liquid fraction) Corn fibre SSF 37°C, pH 5 24 hours

  24. Pros and cons of SHF and SSF SHF SSF • Pros • Separate temp. for each step (hydrolysis 50°C, fermentation 30°C) • Possibility of yeast and enzyme recovery • Cons • Requires two sets of fermenters • End-product inhibition • Pros • Minimized end-product inhibition • Requires only one set of fermenters • Cons • Difficulties in recovery and yeast and enzyme recycling • Temperature/pH compromise (37°C)

  25. SHF versus SSF Steam Explosion (solid +liquid fraction) SSF (91%-6C)-24 hours Corn fibre 95% SHF (75%-6C)-60 hours

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