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Lecture 12

Lecture 12. Perissodactyla (odd-toed) & Artiodactyla (even-toed). Perissodactyla & Artiodactyla. 3 Families. 10 Families. Shared Characteristics. Relatively large, hoofed, terrestrial herbivores Ungulates – Walk on the tips of their toes on keratinized hoofs. Cursorial movement

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Lecture 12

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  1. Lecture 12 Perissodactyla (odd-toed) & Artiodactyla (even-toed)

  2. Perissodactyla & Artiodactyla 3 Families 10 Families

  3. Shared Characteristics • Relatively large, hoofed, terrestrial herbivores • Ungulates – Walk on the tips of their toes on keratinized hoofs. • Cursorial movement • Mostly hypsodont teeth, with complex occlusal surfaces.

  4. SHARED CHARACTERISTICS Unguligrade Digitigrade Plantigrade

  5. Mesaxonic horse tapir rhino “double-pulley” astragalus in artios limits distal limb motion to single plane pronghorn deer pig camel Paraxonic

  6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtnLNmB3ZNE

  7. SHARED CHARACTERISTICS Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution: Herbivore •flat incisors, small or no canines; diastema •small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr. •cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont. Often hypsodont Omnivore/carnivore •pointy incisors & canines •large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary •cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont, Often brachyodont

  8. Masticators Croppers

  9. DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWg1u1bUKNc (Ruminant) Rumination (foregut fermentation) Hindgut fermentation

  10. Cellose digested: 60% 40-45%

  11. Adaptation differences • Quantity vs. Quality • Perissodactyla – high passage rate, low digestion • Artiodactyla – slower passage rate, more digestion • http://www.newsminer.com/view/full_story/5784999/article-Alaska-biologists-try-to-ward-off-feeding-of-moose?

  12. Perissodactyla “odd-toed”

  13. Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras) 1 genus, ca. 8 species Family Tapiridae (tapirs) 1 genus, 4 species Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos) 4 genera, 5 species. -MESAXONIC

  14. Mesaxonic horse tapir rhino “double-pulley” astragalus in artios limits distal limb motion to single plane pronghorn deer pig camel Paraxonic

  15. Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae • Relatively primitive living mammal

  16. Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae • Originated in North America and spread to Asia and South America • Extirpated from NA in Pleistocene

  17. Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae • Nose and upper lip form a pronounced, flexible proboscis (like an elephant) • Assists with feeding • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szcRMFzV8uE (7th min)

  18. Perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae • Large and heavyset with a prehensile upper lip • Family name refers to horn • Agglutinated keratinized horn • Neither horn attached to bone

  19. glutenized, keratinized fibers

  20. Perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae • Geographic extant limited to tropical and subtropical habitat because of poaching and habitat destruction

  21. Perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae • All species considered endangered or critically endangered

  22. Perissodactyla Family Equidae • Relatively long, slender limbs, and only the 3rd digit remains functional

  23. Perissodactyla Family Equidae

  24. Perissodactyla Family Equidae • Literally shaped the formation, economics, and culture of human societies over the last 5000 years: see book “Guns, germs, and steel” 62 Spanish soldiers on horses took down an Inca empire.

  25. Perissodactyla Family Equidae • Different than other families of Perissodactyla , Equids exhibit group living.

  26. Artiodactyla (even-toed)

  27. Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes Family Suidae -pigs Family Tayassuidae -peccaries Family Hippopotamidae -hippos Suborder Tylopoda Family Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina Family Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea Family Moschidae -musk deer Family Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer Family Antilocapridae -pronghorn Superfamily Bovoidea Family Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows

  28. Mesaxonic horse tapir rhino “double-pulley” astragalus in artios limits distal limb motion to single plane pronghorn deer pig camel Paraxonic

  29. Cranial appendages Funcions: -enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates -secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery

  30. Cranial appendages bovid True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae). -unbranched and permanent -Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone -no parts are shed

  31. Cranial appendages antilocaprid Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae) -Similar bony core to bovids -horny sheath shed annually

  32. Cranial appendages cervid True antlers only in Cervidae -entirely bony when fully developed -extension of frontal bone -shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones) -during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)

  33. Cranial appendages giraffe Giraffe “horns” -bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone -situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones -permanently covered with skin and hair -present from birth in both sexes

  34. Cranial appendages rhino Rhinoceros “horns” -non-bony -solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae -resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs -not attached to underlying nasal bones

  35. Extensive diversity

  36. Suborder Suiformes • Family Suidae -pigs • Family Tayassuidae -peccaries • Family Hippopotamidae -hippos

  37. Suborder Suiformes • Quite different compared to the rest of artiodactyla • Simple stomach – don’t ruminate (no cud) • Less complex bunodont cheek teeth • Canines are present and tusk like • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1xbGw-MG7I

  38. Suborder Tylopoda Family Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca Only plantigrade or fully digitgrade ungulates (I know, how can you be a plantigrade ungulate?) Lack horns or antlers. (they bite for dominance) Remarkable ability to conserve water (loose up to 40% of water weight).

  39. Suborder Ruminantia • Infraorder Tragulina Family Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer • Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7HCIGFdBt8&feature=related • Family Moschidae -musk deer • Family Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer • Family Antilocapridae -pronghorn • Superfamily Bovoidea Family Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows

  40. Cetartiodactyla? Grauer and Higgins 1994, Thewissen et al. 2001 (Nature) Agnarsson and May-Collado 2008

  41. Hunting • 10.7 million people hunt Artiodactylas each year in the US. • Millions of WTD harvested each year. • In Alaska, around 71,000 people hunt each year. • 22,000 Caribou are harvested each year • 1,000 Dall sheep • 300 Muskox • 13,000 Sitka black-tailed deer • 500 Mountain goat • 10,000 Moose • 100 Bison • 50 Elk USFWS = Hunting statistics,

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