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learning

learning. Semi-permanent change in behavior due to experience http://psychology.about.com/library/quiz/bl_learning_quiz.htm. People to know:. Pavlov: Classical Conditioning (dogs/salivation) Watson (& Rosalie Rayner ): Little Albert, Generalization Garcia & Koelling : Taste Aversion

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learning

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  1. learning Semi-permanent change in behavior due to experiencehttp://psychology.about.com/library/quiz/bl_learning_quiz.htm

  2. People to know: • Pavlov: Classical Conditioning (dogs/salivation) • Watson (& Rosalie Rayner): Little Albert, Generalization • Garcia & Koelling: Taste Aversion • Thorndike: Law of Effect • B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning • Rescorla & Wagner: Expectancy

  3. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov (physiologist) • Dog Study • UCS, UCR, CS, CR, NS • Acquisition • CS first, then UCS (1/2 second = best) • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization (Little Albert) vs. Discrimination • Second/Higher Order

  4. Taste Aversions • Aid survival • Garcia & Koelling: Taste aversion in rats • Only required one pairing • Delay can be longer than thought • Biological Predispositions: Rats to taste, not sound or sight

  5. Operant Conditioning: Stimulus/Response • Thorndike: Law of Effect • B.F. Skinner: Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) • Reinforcement: Positive v. Negative (escape v. avoidance learning) • Punishment: Positive v. Negative/Omission • Do not confuse NR & Pun: NR increases a response, Pun decreases

  6. Operant Conditioning • Shaping (single behavior w/ successive approximations) • Chaining (different responses in order) • Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination ALL apply to OC as well • Premack Principle: You can use a preferred activity to reinforce a disliked activity • Instinctive Drift

  7. Reinforcers Primary Secondary • Innately rewarding • Food, water, rest • Learned value • Money, grades • Token economy

  8. Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Partial/Intermittent • Faster acquisition • Faster extinction • Slower acquisition • Slower extinction

  9. Reinforcement Schedules Is reinforcement delivered based on number or responses exhibited OR time? • Fixed-ratio: Paid per shoe constructed • Fast & steady response rate • Fixed-interval: Paid every 2 weeks • Scalloped response rate (picks up around time) • Variable-ratio: Slot machines • High response rates. Very resistant to extinction & Encourages superstition • Variable-interval: Pop quizzes • Slow & steady response rates

  10. Cognitive Learning • Behaviorists argue that cognition does not play a role in learning • However, some Cognitive Psychologists (Rescorla & Wagner) argue that it is the expectation (of the UCS or reinforcement/ punishment) that produces the response • Wolfgang Kohler: Insight Study - Monkeys get bananas without trial and error • Edward Tolman: Latent Learning – Rats in maze

  11. Observational Learning (Modeling) • Albert Bandura: Bobo doll • Remember 2 part definition: Someone watches someone do something, then mimics the behavior

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