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Understanding Present Active Verbs in Latin: Conjugation and Usage

This guide explores the features of present active verbs in Latin, focusing on their conjugation patterns in the first and second conjugations. It covers the concept of implicit and explicit subjects, how to determine verb stems, and the importance of personal endings. Examples illustrate forming the present tense with key verbs like "amō" (I love) and "moneō" (I warn), highlighting the formation process from principal parts. Additionally, it discusses the irregular nature of the verb "to be," providing essential forms for mastering Latin verb conjugation.

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Understanding Present Active Verbs in Latin: Conjugation and Usage

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  1. Present Active Verbs First and Second Conjugation

  2. Implicit and Explicit Subjects • For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love” • There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminaeamant, “the women love”

  3. Principal Parts of the Verb • Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung • The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cogitō, “I think”

  4. The Verb Stem • For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stemand the personal ending. • The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)

  5. Determining the Verb Stem • To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –refrom the second principal part: • amō, amāreamāre amāre • stem = ama • moneo, monēremonēremonēre • stem = mone

  6. Conjugations • As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations. • The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.

  7. Second Principal Part • The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre • The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre • Note: the macron over the penultimate ein the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.

  8. Personal Endings • The personal endings are the same for both conjugations: • -ō first person singular, “I” • -s second person singular, “you” • -t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it” • -mus 1st pl., “we” • -tis 2d pl., “you” • -nt 3d pl., “they”

  9. Forming present-tense verbs • the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it • get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re • to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

  10. Example I • amō, amāre • 1st person singular: amō, “I love” • Stem: ama

  11. Example – Part II • Stem: amā • 2d sg. = ama + s = amas, “you love” • 3d sg. = ama + t = amat, “she loves” • 1st pl. = ama + mus = amamus, “we love” • 2d pl. = ama + tis = amatis, “you love” • 3d pl. = ama + tis = amant, “they love”

  12. Example II • moneō, monēre • 1st person singular: moneō, “I warn” • Stem: mone

  13. Example II – Part II • Stem: mone • 2d sg. = mone+ s = mones, “you warn” • 3d sg. = mone+ t = monet , “he warns” • 1st pl. = mone+mus = monemus , “we warn” • 2d pl. = mone+ tis = monetis , “you warn” • 3d pl. = mone+ nt = monent, “they warn”

  14. Translating the Present Tense • moneō • “I warn” • “I am warning” (present progressive) • “I do warn” (present emphatic)

  15. Present Tense of the Verb “To Be” • The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.) • It must simply be memorized. • The first two principal parts are sum, esse

  16. Present Forms of Sum, Esse • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

  17. Similarity to Regular Verbs • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

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