Chapter 22: Asian transitions in an age of global change

1. Chapter 22: Asian transitions in an age of global change Mr. Toma AP World History Midwest City High School

2. The Asian trading world and the coming of the Europeans • Asian Sea Trading Network can be broken down into three major zones: • Arab Zone- glass, carpets, tapestries, horses, slaves, gold, glassware, ivory, forest products, animal hides • Indian Zone- cotton textiles, gems, elephants, salt, cinnamon • Chinese Zone- spices, silver, paper, porcelain, silk textiles • Most trading was done on the coast. • Europeans attempted to regulate and dominate the trading systemfor two reasons: • 1) No central control • 2) Exchanges were largely peaceful so military force was usually absent from exchanges

4. Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut (Muslims already there) • Portuguese took what they could not get through fair trade by force. • 1507- The Portuguese built fortresses on a number of strategic points on the Asian trade network. • 1507- Ormuz • 1510- Goa • 1511- Malacca • The aim was to establish a Portuguese monopoly over key Asian products.

5. Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires • Portuguese did not have the soldiers or ships to maintain monopolies. • The Dutch and the British challenged the Portuguese trading empire. • The Dutch overtook Malacca and built port of Batavia on island of Java in 1620. • Dutch trading empire was similar to the Portuguese. • Dutch used peaceful means to enter the Asian market.

6. Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia • Asian armies were able to resist European inroads because of the superior numbers of soldiers. • In some situations, Europeans were able to penetrate Asian towns and control trade from there. • Spanish conquered Luzon (indigenous tribes subjugated) and tried to conquer Mindanao (Muslim rulers, determined to resist Catholics). • Spanish imposed tribute regimes similar to those imposed on Native Americans in the New World.

7. Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia • Portuguese and Spanish tried to convert parts of Asia, but were mostly unsuccessful. • India was one of the most promising fields for religious conversion. • Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries • Initially make headway with low-caste members • Ultimate refusal of high-caste groups to give up traditional beliefs • Conversion of general population in Asia occurred only in isolated areas. • Biggest success for conversion to Christianity occurred in the Philippines.

8. Ming china: A global mission refused • Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was founded by Ju Yuanzhang, a military commander of peasant origins. • Ju grew up under Mongol rule. • Alternated between begging and living in a monastery to survive. • 1340’s- Ju left the monastery to join a rebellion against the Mongols. • His armies overthrew the Mongols and took back most of China. • Zhu declared himself Hongwu emperor in 1368.

9. Another Scholar-Gentry Revival • Hongwu used the scholar-gentry system to revive Chinese civilization. • Examination system was reinstated after Mongols, and made more complex. • Exams took several days to complete and were held in two out of three years. • Those who passed were eligible to take more exams, given every three years. • Test takers competed for degrees and then for positions in the bureaucracy.

10. Reform: Hongwu’s Efforts to Root out Abuses in Court Politics • Hongwu sought to limit influence of administrators. • Abolished the position of chief minister. • Public beatings were given to those bureaucrats found guilty of corruption or incompetence. • Hongwu declared that the emperor’s wives should only come from humble family origins. • Potential rivals were exiled to estates in the provinces

11. A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance • Hongwu introduced measures that would improve life for common people. • Gentry families enjoyed special benefits. • Growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. • Women continued to be subordinate to men. • Social status of elite women: try to manipulate power • Social status of non-elite women: grim.

12. An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, Arts • Population increased during the Ming dynasty and commercialization expanded. • New crops were introduced (corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts.) • Population: 14th century: 80 million, 1600: 120 million people • China had advanced handicraft industries that were in high demand (silk, tea, fine ceramics), and terms of trade were in China’s favor • Merchant classes reaped the biggest profits.

13. An Age of Expansion: The Zheng He Expeditions • 1405-1423 Zheng He led seven major overseas expeditions. • First four expeditions were to southeastern Asian seas and kingdoms. • Last three expeditions were to Persia, southern Arabica and the eastern coast of Africa. • Zheng He had 62 ships in his initial fleet with 28,000 crew members. • Some ships in his fleets were over 400 feet long.

15. Arrival of the Europeans and Ming Decline • 1390- First imperial edict was issued to limit Chinese overseas commerce. • Jesuit missionaries targeted the rulers and his chief advisors. • Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall (Jesuit scholars) used scientific knowledge and technical skills to convert the elite. • Mediocre and incompetent rulers brought down the Ming dynasty. • Peasant life declined dramatically. • Internal disorder was intensified by foreign invasions. • Last Ming emperor= Chongzhen

16. Fending Off the West: Japan’s Reunification • By the 16th century, after the daimyo stalemate and recurring civil war, Japan needed to restore unity. • 1573- Nobunaga, a military leader, disposed of the last Ashikaga shoguns. • 1580- He unified much of central Honshu and drove armies against the western daimyo. • Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga’s military campaign, rules by 1590. • Hideyoshi launched attacks on Korea (1592, 1597).

18. Fending off the west: Japan's reunification • Tokugawa Ieyasu did not continue Hideyoshi’s military campaigns but focused on consolidating power at home. • 1603: Ieyasu granted the title of shogun and organized the remaining daimyos. • Most of the lands in central Honshu were under the control of the Tokugawa family. • Now had to pledge alliance to Ieyasu • Tokugawas’s victory put an end to the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan.

19. Dealing with the European Challenge • European traders began visiting the islands in increasing numbers since 1543 • Traders and missionaries brought firearms, printing presses and other western devices (clocks). • Christian missionaries arrived and set off to convert the Japanese to Roman Catholicism; Nobunaga supported missionaries • Late 1580’s, with Nubunaga’s death, the missionaries fell out of favor • Japanese were concerned with possible European conquest.

20. Japan’s Self-Imposed Isolation • Official measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan. • Hideyoshi ordered Christian missionaries to leave Japan. • Christianity was banned in 1614 by Ieyasu. • In 1616, foreign traders were confined to a few cities. • In 1630, all Japanese ships forbidden to trade or sail overseas. • By 1640, Deshima was the only island where trade could occur. • Mid 17th century- Japan’s isolation was almost totally complete. • 18th century - School of National Learning