Chapter 22: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

1. Chapter 22: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Karla Alberte Lauren Batista David Espantoso Koset Fabrias Roberto Quintans AremiVelasco Period: 2

2. The Asian Trading World and the Coming of Europeans • European enterprise centered on trade. • Europeans went to Asia for Christian converts and products they needed such as: • Fine textiles • Spices • Local merchants were not interested in the products they had bought to trade for Asian goods. • This was a struggle for da Gama and his crew because they would have to return home with little proof that they had reached Asia. • Europeans had needs and curiosity that had driven them halfway around the world.

3. Bonds of Commerce: The Asian Sea Trading Network, c. 1500: • Asian Sea Trading Network stretches thousands of miles from the Middle East and Africa along all coasts of the giant Asian continent. Very peaceful. • Spices were the biggest demand. Bulk items like rice were exchanged in the 3 main zones. • 3 main zones focused on major centers of handicraft manufacture. • In the West Arab Zone: • Produced glass • Carpet • Tapestry-making • India; Central Portion • Cotton textiles • China; Eastern Pole • Producing Paper • Porcelain • Japan and Africa; Between the major centers: • Raw Materials

4. Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut: • Portuguese did not want to follow the rules that had evolved for the commercial and cultural exchanges in the great Asian trading. • Taking force of what they could not get through fair trade. • Superior ships, unity, and weaponry. • Vasco da Gama’s return in 1502 was able to force African and Indian coasts to a Portuguese tribute regime. • Ships and naval stations were vital in the Portuguese trading empire. • Goal was to control key Asian products specifically spices.

5. Questions! • What struggle did Da Gama and his crew face when they got to Asia? • When they got to Asia, the local merchants were not interested in their products so it was a struggle because when they returned home they would have little proof that they had reached Asia. • Which of the three main zones produced carpet? • Arab Zone. • What was vital to the Portuguese trading empire? • Ships and naval stations.

6. Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires • Resistance of Asian rivals, poor military discipline, violent corruption, and heavy shipping losses led to the fall of the Portuguese. • The Dutch and English fought for the Portuguese empire, the Dutch won. • The Dutch captured the Portuguese port and fortress at Malacca and built their own. • The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands and the English had to return to India. • The Dutch and Portuguese had: • Warships on patrol. • Monopoly control of a limited number of products • Fortified towns and factories. • But the Dutch had better armed ships that dealt with monopoly control in a more controlled and systematic way. • The Dutch produced spices on islands they did not own and profited from the sale of these spices and when the demand for them fell the Dutch worked their way into the Asian trading system. • The English also came to engage in the Asian trading network but concentrated along the coasts of India rather than Southeast Asia.

7. Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia • As the Europeans moved further inland into Asia, military advantages and abilities to control the Asian peoples decreased. • The Dutch then moved inland from their base at Batavia into the highlands of Java where they came to control coffee they began growing. • The Spanish invaded the Philippine Islands in the 1560s, conquering Luzon and the northern islands easily by controlling the people that lived there. • Spanish couldn’t conquer the island of Mindanao because Muslims already ruled a kingdom there and they resisted Christian dominance. • Wherever the Europeans took over, they applied the rules that were similar to the ones that were placed on the Native Americans when the Spanish went to the New World.

8. Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia • Before da Gama’s arrival, Islam already had gotten to much of maritime south and southeast Asia which led to the lack of interest of the Portuguese when trying to convert people to Christianity. • Hindu’s already had their own religious beliefs and rituals which prevented Christian Asia. • India was easy to convert; Franciscan, Dominican missionaries and the Jesuit Francis converted a lot of people. • Little advancement was happening among other high-caste groups and Jesuit Robert believed he could convince the high-caste groups to convert if he learned their ways but fell short when they refused to worship with low-caste groups and they did not want to give up their traditional ways. • The greatest Christianity convert success was in the northern islands of the Philippines, which hadn’t been exposed to any other religion. Since, the Filipinos had no good grasp of Christian beliefs they continued various customs that were not Christian-like.

9. Questions! • Where did the Dutch first build their own port and fortress after their victory? • Malacca • Where were the Europeans most successful at? • The Philippines • What led to the fall of the Portuguese? • Resistance of Asian rivals; poor military discipline; violent corruption; heavy shipping losses.

10. Ming China: A Global Mission Refused • The Ming Empire lasted from 1368-1644. • Chinese civilization enjoyed a new age of splendor. • The ethnic Chinese rule and the reunification of the country saw a time period of restoration. • Ming China had one of the largest populations in all civilizations. • Chinese goods were very successful in the world market. Resources were vast and technology was very advanced. China’s centralized bureaucracy remained the best and most efficient in the world. • Under Ming control, China had a complex military establishment in numbers, organization and leadership.

11. Another Scholar-Gentry Revival • Zhu Yuanzhang was a military commander of peasant origins, who founded the Ming Dynasty. • Zhu alternated between begging and living in a Buddhist monastery to survive. • In the late 1340s, Zhu fought against the Yuan Dynasty to overthrow them from power. • His courage in combat and his natural skills as a leader soon made him one of the more prominent of several warlords trying to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. • Zhu’s armies conquered most of China. Zhu declared himself the Hongwu emperor in 1368. He ruled for 30 years. After he seized control of the throne, he tried to change many Chinese ideas.

12. Reform: Hongwu’s Efforts to Root Out Abuses in Court Politics • Hongwu was from a peasant family therefore poorly educated, he viewed the scholar-gentry with some suspicion. • Hongwu was aware of his needs on a well-educated and loyal scholar-gentry for the day-to-day administration of the empire. • During Hongwu’s reign, he tried to impress many people. • Hongwu introduced measures that would improve the lot of common people.

13. A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance • At most levels of Chinese society, the Ming period continued the subordination of youths to elders and women to men that had been steadily intensifying in the earlier periods. • Women were also driven to underground activities to enhance their subordination, and if they wanted expand their career opportunities. In society, women had to settle for whatever status and respect they could win within the family.

14. Questions! • Name at least 3 successful things that Ming China had. • Chinese goods were very successful in the world market; Resources were vast; Technology was very advanced; China’s centralized bureaucracy remained the best and most efficient in the world; China had a complex military. • What was the name of the Dynasty that Zhu Yuanzhang tried to overthrow from power? • Yuan Dynasty. • What is Hongwu’s real name? • Zhu Yuanzhang.

15. An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce and the Arts. • Fine arts • Ming prosperity was reflected. • Full development of the Chinese novel. • An age of economic growth. • Boost in importation. • Also, • Agriculture: • Maize • Sweet potatoes • Peanuts • Population: • Population increased. • Land owning remained the surest route to social status. • Commerce: • Overseas trading increased. • China’s industries produced silk textiles, tea and fine ceramics that were highly in demand.

16. An Age of Expansion: the Zhenghe Expeditions • Major expeditions overseas. • Destinations: Persia, Africa and Arabia. • Zheng he's fleet was more developed and numerous compared to Columbus and Gama’s. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ

17. Chinese Retreat and the Arrival of the Europeans: • Proclamation was issued to limit Chinese overseas commerce. • Ming war fleet declined in the number of ships and quality of their ships. • Christian missionaries invaded Chinese coastal areas. • Chinese scholars showed interest in Christian teachings and Western thinking.

18. Questions! • What did China’s industries produce? • Silk textiles, tea, and fine ceramics. • Why was the proclamation issued against china? • Limit Chinese overseas commerce.

19. Ming Decline and the Chinese Predicament • By the late 1500s, the dynasty was in decline. • Imperial leadership allowed for corruption and administrative decay. • The failure of public works project caused starvation and rebellion. • The dynasty fell in 1644 before Chinese rebels. • Their leader Nurhaci, established the last of the imperial dynasties the Qing.

20. Fending of the West: Japan’s Reunification and the First Challenge • During the 16th century Nobunaga rose to the forefront among the contesting lords. • He deposed the last Ashikaga shogun in 1573 but was killed in 1582 before finishing his conquests. • Nobunaga’s general Toyotom: Hideyoshi continued the struggle and became master of Japan by 1590 but then launched two unsuccessful invasions of Kora and died in 1598. • Tokugawa Leyasu won out succession and was appointed shogun, he continued in power for two and a half centuries. • Leyasuruled from Edo directly controlled central Honshu and placed the remaining daimyos under his authority. • Long period of civil wars ended. Political unity restored.

21. Dealing with the European Challenge • European traders and missionaries had visited Japan in increasing numbers since 1543. • The traders exchanged Asian and European goods • Clocks • Printing presses • Japanese silver • Copper • Artisan products • Roman Catholic missionaries arrived during Nobunaga’s campaigns. He protected them as a counterforce to his Buddhists opponents. • The Buddhists had been crushed and feared that converts would give primary loyalty to their religion. • Hideyoshi also feared that Europeans might try to conquer Japan.

22. Japan’s Self-Imposed Isolation • Official measures to restrict foreign influence were ordered from the late 1580s. • Christian missionaries were ordered to leave persecution of Christian was underway during the mid-1590s. • Christianity became officially banned in 1614. • Leyasu and his successors broadened the campaign to isolate Japan from outside influences. • From 1616 merchants were confined to a few cities from 1630 Japanese ships could not sail overseas. • By the 1640s only Dutch and Chinese ships visited Japan and Western books were banned. • The retreat into isolation was almost total by the mid-seventeenth century.

23. Questions! • What led Christianity to become officially banned? • Japan made official measures to get rid of all foreign influences. Christian missionaries were already ordered to leave and Christians were being persecuted. • What caused for the falling of the Chinese dynasty in 1644? • The dynasty was already in decline since the late 1500’s. Imperial leaders also allowed for fraud and administrative decay to happen. There was also starvation and rebellion among the people.

24. Global Connections: An Age of Eurasian Protoglobization: • Most people had barely been affected by European efforts to build trading empires and gain Christian converts. • European sailors added new routes to the Asian trading network such as: • Cape of Good Hope • Philippine Islands • Mexico • Establishment and growth of trading centers such as: • Goa • Calicut • Batavia • Europeans introduced the principle of sea warfare to the peaceful commercial world. New inventions and diseases spread. • Hope of European advancement declined because of political and military strength of China and Japan.

25. Questions! • What did the Europeans introduce to the peaceful commercial world? • The principle of sea warfare. • What new routes did European sailors add to the Asian trading network? • Cape of Good Hope, Philippine islands, or Mexico.

26. The End!