COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

INTRODUCTION • Communicable diseases are diseases that are spread from person to person via direct contact, airborne droplets or body fluids. Many states require that communicable diseases when they are identified by a health care provider,

RUBRIC FOR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

AIDS/HIV • AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses.

Seasonal Flu • Seasonal flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by flu viruses. It spreads between people and can cause mild to severe illness. In some cases, the flu can lead to death. In the United States, flu season occurs in the fall and winter

Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection, primarily in the lungs (a pneumonia), caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread usually from person to person by breathing infected air during close contact.

H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) • Swine flu is an infection caused by a virus. It's named for a virus that pigs can get. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people around the world.

Gonorrhea • Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. Gonorrhea bacteria live in the mucosal areas of the body such as the penis, vagina and the oral mucosa. According to New York State Department of Health, this disease is more common in 15- to 30-year-olds and occurs more frequently in urban areas versus rural areas. This disease can also be spread from the mother to her newborn during birth.

Measles • Measles is a serious and occasionally fatal viral infection. This virus lives in the nose and throat of infected patients. Measles is also a spread via respiratory droplets. Symptoms of measles begin with a cough, runny nose and low-grade fever. A rash appears, which starts on the head and spreads over the trunk and extremities.

Rabies • Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.

Chickenpox (varicella) • Chickenpox (varicella) is a common illness that causes an itchy rash and red spots or blisters (pox) all over the body. It is most common in children, but most people will get chickenpox at some point in their lives if they have not had the chickenpox vaccine.

Meningitis • Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The meninges is the collective name for the three membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), called the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The meninges' main function, alongside the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.

Mumps • Mumps. This is a virus that causes fever, body aches, muscle aches, loss of appetite and swelling of the salivary glands. Incubation period is 16 to 18 days. You should take your child to his/her doctor is you suspect mumps because it is no longer a common virus.

common cold • common cold is a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily caused by rhinoviruses, (picornaviruses) or coronaviruses. It is the most common infectious disease in humans; there is no known cure, but it is very rarely fatal.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS • HIV is the infection that causes AIDS. • HIV has few or no symptoms for up to 10 years or more before symptoms of AIDS develop. • There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment is available. • HIV can be spread during sex play. • Latex and female condoms offer very good protection against HIV.

Causes and effects • The flu is caused by influenza virus types A, B, and C. Both type A and type B flu viruses are responsible for the seasonal outbreaks of flu. Type A flu viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, and horses. Influenza B viruses circulate widely only among humans. • Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person, through coughing or sneezing by people infected with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their mouth or nose. Healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning one day before symptoms develop and up to seven days after becoming sick. This means a person may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before ever knowing they are sick.

Causes and effects • Only people who have active TB infections can spread the TB bacteria. Coughing, sneezing, even talking can release the bacteria into the surrounding air, and people breathing this air can then become infected. This is more likely to happen if you're living in close quarters with someone who has TB or if a room isn't well ventilated. • Once a person is infected, the bacteria will settle in the air sacs and passages of the lungs and, in most cases, will be contained by the immune system. • Your chances of becoming infected are higher if you come from - or travel to - certain countries where TB is common.

Causes and effects • H1N1 flu is caused by a virus. The most common subtype, or strain, is influenza type A H1N1, and this subtype has also caused infection in people. The letters H and N in the subtype name stand for proteins found on the surface of the virus, which are used to distinguish between different subtypes.

Causes and effects • Gonorrhea is almost always sexually transmitted. Genital sex will cause gonorrhea of the genitals. Anal sex can transmit gonorrhea to the rectum. Oral sex can cause gonorrhea of the throat. Gonorrheal eye infections are usually found in infants who have picked it up in the birth canal, but adults may get eye infections if they touch the infected area and then rub their eyes.

Causes and effects • The infection is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air. • Those who have had an active measles infection or who have been vaccinated against the measles have immunity to the disease. Before widespread vaccination, measles was so common during childhood that most people became sick with the disease by age 20. The number of measles cases dropped over the last several decades to almost none in the U.S. and Canada. However, rates have started to rise again recently.

Causes and effects • Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body through a bite or broken skin. The virus travels from the wound to the brain, where it causes swelling, or inflammation. This inflammation leads to symptoms of the disease. Most rabies deaths occur in children. • In the past, human cases in the United States usually resulted from a dog bite, but recently, more cases of human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons. Although dog bites are a common cause of rabies in developing countries, there have been no reports of rabies caused by dog bites in the United States for a number of years due to widespread animal vaccination.

Causes and effects • The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox. The disease is highly contagious -- over 90% of nonimmune individuals will develop chickenpox following exposure. VZV is communicable by both direct skin-to-skin contact and via respiratory droplets (for example, coughing, sneezing) from the infected individual. While the average incubation period from viral exposure to onset of symptoms is 12-14 days, symptoms may appear as early as 10 days or as late as 21 days after exposure to the virus.

Cause and effets • Meningitis is usually caused by one of a number of bacteria. The most common is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Neisseria meningitidis can cause outbreaks in crowded conditions, such as college dormitories or military barracks. Haemophilusinfluenzae type B (Hib) can also cause meningitis in adults and children. Meningitis in children is becoming less common because children now receive the Hib vaccine in infancy as well as the pneumococcal vaccine (Prevnar).

Cause and effect • Mumps is a virus that is spread through saliva. When someone coughs or sneezes those small drops of moisture inter the air and can land on another person spreading the illness. It can also be spread through kissing or through the sharing of eating utensils or cups.

Cause and effect • Although more than 100 viruses can cause a common cold, the rhinovirus is the most common culprit, and it's highly contagious. • A cold virus enters your body through your mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks. But it also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by sharing contaminated objects, such as utensils, towels, toys or telephones. If you touch your eyes, nose or mouth after such contact or exposure, you're likely to catch a cold.

Prevention • HIV prevention refers to practices done to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. HIV prevention practices may be done by individuals to protect their own health and the health of those in their community, or may be instituted by governments or other organizations as public health policies.

Prevention • The single best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated each year, but good health habits like covering your cough and washing your hands often can help stop the spread of germs and prevent respiratory illnesses like the flu. There also are flu antiviral drugs that can be used to treat and prevent the flu. • 1. Avoid close contact. • Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from getting sick too. • 2. Stay home when you are sick. • If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your illness. • 3. Cover your mouth and nose. • Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. • 4. Clean your hands. • Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub. • 5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. • Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. • 6. Practice other good health habits. • Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.

Prevention • If you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can prevent your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you won't transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.

Prevention • Take these everyday steps to protect your health: • Cover your cough: Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it. • Wash your hands: Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective. • Avoid spreading germs: Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Try to avoid close contact with anyone who is sick. Germs spread this way. • Stay home if you are sick: If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Keep away from others as much as possible to keep from making them sick.

Prevention • # Use a condom if you choose to have sex. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to prevent gonorrhea. But if you choose to have sex, use a condom during any type of sexual contact, including anal sex, oral sex or vaginal sex. • # Ask your partner to be tested for sexually transmitted infections. Find out whether your partner has been tested for sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea. If not, ask whether he or she would be willing to undergo testing. • # Don't have sex with someone who has any unusual symptoms. If your partner has signs or symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection, such as burning during urination or a genital rash or sore, don't have sex with that person.

Prevention • Preventing new infections • If you've already had measles, your body has built up its immune system to fight the infection, and you can't get measles again. Most people born or living in the United States before 1957 are immune to measles, simply because they've already had it.

Prevention • Two rabies vaccines are available in the UK. Vaccination usually requires a course of three doses for protection. The second dose is given seven days after the first. The third dose is given 21 or 28 days after the first, depending on which vaccine is used. • The injections are not painful and are given into your upper arm. There are usually no serious side effects. • Vaccination should be completed before your departure to allow your body to develop full immunity.

Prevention • The chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the vaccine provides complete protection from the virus for nearly 90 percent of young children who receive it. When the vaccine doesn't provide complete protection, it significantly lessens the severity of the disease.

Prevention • # Wash your hands. Careful hand-washing is important to avoiding exposure to infectious agents. Teach your children to wash their hands often, especially before they eat and after using the toilet, spending time in a crowded public place or petting animals. Show them how to wash their hands vigorously, covering both the front and back of each hand with soap and rinsing thoroughly under running water. • # Practice good hygiene. Don't share drinks, foods, straws, eating utensils, lip balms or toothbrushes with anyone else. Teach children and teens to avoid sharing these items too. • # Stay healthy. Maintain your immune system by getting enough rest, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains. • # Cover your mouth. When you need to cough or sneeze, be sure to cover your mouth and nose.

Prevention • he mumps vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) inoculation, which contains the safest and most effective form of each vaccine. Two doses of the MMR vaccine are recommended before a child enters school: • The first between ages 12 and 15 months • The second between ages 4 and 6 years, or between 11 and 12 if not previously given

Prevention • * Wash your hands. Clean your hands thoroughly and often, and teach your children the importance of hand-washing. • * Scrub your stuff. Keep kitchen and bathroom countertops clean, especially when someone in your family has a common cold. Wash children's toys periodically. • * Use tissues. Always sneeze and cough into tissues. Discard used tissues right away, and then wash your hands carefully. Teach children to sneeze or cough into the bend of their elbow when they don't have a tissue. That way they cover their mouths without using their hands. • * Don't share. Don't share drinking glasses or utensils with other family members. Use your own glass or disposable cups when you or someone else is sick. Label the cup or glass with the name of the person with the cold. • * Steer clear of colds. Avoid close, prolonged contact with anyone who has a cold. • * Choose your child care center wisely. Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping sick children at home.

References • http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/commdise/commdise.html • http://www.acphd.org/communicable-disease/communicable-diseases.aspx • http://www.ehow.com/about_5434268_types-communicable-diseases.html

Learning • We conclude that as a student, we should be aware on the different kinds of communicable diseases, as well as their cause and effect and most especially their prevention and controls. • The reason why we should learn those things is to have a healthy living and to promote wellness.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES