1. Climate Change & Wine

2. Climate Change & Wine 2008 Barcelona 15 & 16 February AL GORE Special Guest • Michel Rolland • Jacques Lurton • Ernst Loosen • Miguel Torres • Bruno Prats • Pascal Chatonnet • Stephen Skelton MW • Richard Smart • Greg Jones • Hans Schultz • Peter Hayes • Pancho Campo • Bernard Seguin • Santiago Mínguez • Vicente Sotés • J. R. Lisarrague • A. García Luján • Xavier Sort • J. R. Picatoste

4. THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS

5. Energy radiates from the earth surface Energy radiates from the atmosphere Greenhouse gases are being warmed by the radiation from earth Radiation from the sun warms the earth’s surface Withgreenhouse gases: +15 degrees! Withoutgreenhouse gases: -18 degrees!

6. Climate change within 100 years: About half an ice age, but on the warm side Year 2100? Year 2000 Year 1900 Ice age

7. - Climate change - • External causes • Solar activity • Earths orbit • Meteorites • Internal causesAnthropogenic • Emissions of greenhouse gases • Particles/clouds • Land change • Internal causesNatural • Enteric • Volcanic eruption • Respiration

9. IPCC, TAR - 2001

10. Temperature Variations in the Earth´s Surface in the last 140 Years

11. Warmest 12 years: 1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006, 2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,2000 50 0.1280.026 100 0.0740.018 Global mean temperatures are rising faster with time Period Rate Years /decade

12. CO2 & Greenhouse Gases

13. Greenhousegases (has a warming effect) Left in the atmosphere for 100 years Particles (mostly a cooling effect) Left in the atmospherefor 1 week

14. Concentrations of C02 and methane have increased considerably since the pre-industrial era IPCC, TAR - 2001

15. IPCC, TAR - 2001

16. IPCC, TAR - 2001

17. The Most Scientifical Proof of Climate Change

18. Impacts on Climate Systems

19. Changes in the Pattern of Climate Phenomenon… Increase in Temperatures Altered rainfall patterns and flloding… More evaporation, drought, erosion and wild fires

20. A simplified view of the global thermohaline conveyor belt, showing cooling and downwelling in the North Atlantic, warming and freshening in the southern hemisphere, and return flow as a warm surface current.

21. Climate Change in the Wine Industry

22. Temperatures and Precipitation

23. CRDO Penedés

24. CRDO Penedés

25. Huglin & Winkler Indices

26. Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres

27. Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres

28. UV-B Radiations

30. Phenology

31. Academia del Vino de España, 2007

32. Academia del Vino de España, 2007

33. Academia del Vino de España, 2007

34. Academia del Vino de España, 2007

35. Cabernet Sauvignon – March 14th - 2007Academia del Vino de España, 2007

36. Cabernet Sauvignon – March 22nd - 2007Academia del Vino de España, 2007

37. Pests & Diseases

38. Grapes Affected by Sunburn

39. Reduction in the incidence of botrytis and Downy Mildew due to higher temperatures, less rainfall and higher evapotranspiration. This results in less humidity and drought

40. Lobesia Botrana

41. A problem in Ontario and the USA mid-west Taints wines with methoxipirazynes Has entered in Italy, the UK and Belgium. Asian Multicolour Ladybird

42. The south of Germany has been invaded by Hyalestes obsoletus which vectors Bois Noir or Phytoplasma. • 30% of the vines will be syntomatic by the second year with no yield. • Pierce´s Disease is moving west from Texas as winters become more mild.

43. Oenological Changes

44. Skin tannins Anthocyanins Seed tannins Veraison Alcoholic Ripeness The concept of phenolic maturity Evolution of phenolic compounds throughout ripening process

45. 300 300 15 290 290 14 280 280 13 270 270 12 Temperature (ºC) Day of the year Day of the year 260 260 11 30 september 1971 18 september 1989 250 250 10 5 september 2006 240 240 9 230 230 8 1971 1971 1976 1976 1981 1981 1986 1986 1991 1991 1996 1996 2001 2001 2006 2006 Year Year Saladié et al. (2007) Date of the beginning of the harvest of Macabeu in Sarral (AOC Conca de Barberà) 1971-2006

46. Advanced Harvest Date Anthocyanidins Alcoholic degree and pH Titratable acidity Veraison Alcoholic Maturity Effects of Climate Change An increasing imbalance between alcoholic and phenolic ripeness Green Seeds Well-ripen seeds Alcoholic Ripeness Alcoholic Ripeness However, skins and specially seeds remain green

47. Alcohol • Acidity • Potassium • FAN – Free Amino Nitrogen • pH • VA

48. Cambios Enológicos

49. Temperatures above 35ºC: • Reduction in Photosynthesis • Blocked production or degradations of anthocyanins. • Reduction in acidity, due to metabolism of malic acid. • Not a significant effect on the formation of flavonols – it is altered by UV-B

50. GABA (Post Harvest Tº) • Arginine (Berry Damage)