Science of rare isotopes: connecting nuclei with the universe

1. Science of rare isotopes: connecting nuclei with the universe Witold Nazarewicz (U. Tennessee/ORNL) Colloquium, Ohio University, April 27, 2012 • Take-away messages: • Rare isotopes offer a broad and exciting scientific agenda, closely coupled to key intellectual drivers in many areas of science • Nuclear scientists, experimentalists and theorists, are getting better and better at controlling short-lived nuclei, in particular those which are useful • Rare isotopes provide society with numerous opportunities • Introduction • General themes • Science • Perspectives

2. Carey 1814 Munster 1544 Jaillot 1694

3. The intellectual drivers of nuclear physics today 14 questions in 2007 NSAC Long Range Plan The Frontiers of Nuclear Science • Fundamental aspects (reduction) • How did the matter that makes up the visible universe come into being and how does it evolve? • Nature of building blocks • Nature of fundamental interactions • Self-organization of building blocks (emergence) • How do the building blocks of subatomic matter organize themselves and what phenomena emerge as they do so? • Nature of composite structures and phases • Origin of simple patterns in complex systems • Societal applications • Unique opportunities for applications • Public must be properly compensated for supporting what is fundamentally an intellectual enterprise.

4. Resolution Hot and dense quark-gluon matter Hadron structure Hadron-Nuclear interface ab initio Nuclear structure Nuclear reactions CI Z protons N neutrons Effective Field Theory DFT Nuclear astrophysics New standard model Applications of nuclear science collective models

5. The Nuclear Landscape superheavy nuclei proton drip line neutron drip line • Protons and neutrons formed 10-6s-1s after Big Bang • H, D, He, Li, Be, B formed 3-20 min after Big Bang • Other nuclei born later in heavy stars and supernovae probably known up to oxygen 82 known up to Z=91 Z=118, A=294 126 protons (Z) terra incognita 50 82 neutron stars 28 20 50 stable nuclei 8 28 2 20 known nuclei 8 2 neutrons (N)

6. X-ray burst 4U1728-34 331 Frequency (Hz) 330 329 328 327 10 15 20 Time (s) …as seen by nuclear astrophysicists Neutron star Nova T Pyxidis protons Lots of action in Terra Incognita

7. …as seen by chemists Periodic Table of Elements 2012 Lv Cn 113 115 118 117 116 112 Fl 114 IUPAC names 113: Ununtrium, Uut 115: Ununpentium, Uup 117: Ununseptium, Uus 118: Ununoctium, Uuo Z=112: Copernicium Z=114: Flerovium; Z=116: Livermorium

8. The nuclear landscape as seen by theorists … dimension of the problem Interfaces provide crucial clues Lots of action in Terra Incognita

9. The Nuclear Many-Body Problem Eigenstate of angular momentum, parity, and ~isospin coupled integro-differential equations in 3A dimensions

10. Physics of nuclei is demanding Input Forces, operators, parameters Many-body dynamics Open channels 11Li 208Pb 298U

11. 54 1949 nucleonic shells of the nucleus electronic shells of the atom 5p 4d 5s 36 4p 3d 4s 18 3p 3s 10 ? N Z magic nuclei (closed shells) noble gases (closed shells) 2p 2s 126 3p1/2 2f5/2 1i13/2 3p3/2 1h9/2 2f7/2 82 2d3/2 1h11/2 3s1/2 1g7/2 2d5/2 50 1g9/2

13. Old paradigms revisited. Crucial input for theory Magicity is a fragile concept Forces Many-body dynamics Open channels N=20 N=28 Shell energy from A. Gade M. Bender et al. Phys. Lett. B 515, 42–48 (2001)

14. Neutron Drip line nuclei 6He 4He 8He HUGE D i f f u s e d PA IR ED 5He 7He 9He 10He

15. Forces Many-body dynamics Open channels Living on the edge… Correlations and opennesszeroth-order picture questioned

16. Nucleus as an open quantum system

17. Mean-Field Theory ⇒ Density Functional Theory Electronic DFT: Hohenberg, Kohn (Nobel1999), Sham… Bohr-Mottelson, Landau-Migdal, Bogoliubov-Belyaev, Brueckner, Negele-Vautherin, Baranger, Strutinski… Degrees of freedom: nucleonic densities • two fermi liquids • self-bound • superfluid • continuum space crucial Nuclear DFT: • mean-field ⇒ one-body densities • zero-range ⇒ local densities • finite-range ⇒ gradient terms • particle-hole and pairing channels • Self-consistency guaranteed via HFB equations • Time-dependent extension: TDDFT • Has been extremely successful. A broken-symmetry generalized product state does surprisingly good job for nuclei. • Broken symmetries imply the existence of collective degrees of freedom (shape-, pairing-, spin-, isospin-deformations) Neutron Skin!

18. Description of observables and model-based extrapolation • Systematic errors (due to incorrect assumptions/poor modeling) • Statistical errors (optimization and numerical errors) Erler et al.

19. The limits: Skyrme-DFT Benchmark 2012 288 ~3,000 Asymptotic freedom ? How many protons and neutrons can be bound in a nucleus? Literature: 5,000-12,000 from B. Sherrill Skyrme-DFT: 6,900±500syst Erler et al.

20. Exotic topologies of superheavy nuclei: Coulomb frustration Self-consistent calculations confirm the fact that the “pasta phase” might have a rather complex structure, various shapes can coexist, at the same time significant lattice distortions are likely and the neutron star crust could be on the verge of a disordered phase. A challenge is to assess stability of such forms

21. P. Pyykkö: A suggested Periodic Table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac-Fock calculations on atoms and ions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 161-168 (2011) “Half of chemistry is still undiscovered. We don't know what it looks like and that's the challenge” The limit of mass and charge is still undiscovered. We don't know what it looks like and that's the challenge.

22. Limits of Mass and Charge: Superheavies Nature, 433, 705 (2005) long-lived SHE

23. Quest for understanding the neutron-rich matter on Earth and in the Cosmos RNB facilities Nuclear matter equation of state Nuclear observables Nuclear interactions Many-body theory Neutron star crust Astronomical observables Microphysics (transport,…)

24. The challenge: isovector fields, quest for isovector indicators Neutron skin: Antiprotonic atoms: Proton elastic scattering: Piekarewicz et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 041302 (2012) S. Abrahamyan et al. (PREx Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 112502 (2012) Strong correlation between the dipole polarizability aD and neutron skin predicted by DFT : PRC C 81, 051303(R) (2010) PREx: FW(q) RCNP: aD A. Tamii et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 062502 (2011) Theory: • Next: • PREx(II) • New PREx measurement for 48Ca… • RCNP data on aD in 48Ca… Systematic error dominates

25. Experiment FRIB TRIUMF GSI NSCL GANIL ISOLDE RIKEN Future major facilities Existing major dedicated facilities Radioactive Ion Beam Facilities Worldwide KORIA

26. Theoretical Tools and Connections to Computational Science 1Teraflop=1012 flops 1peta=1015 flops (today) 1exa=1018 flops (next 10 years) Tremendous opportunities for nuclear theory!

27. Societal Benefits • Energy, transmutation of waste… • Medical and biological research • Materials science • Environmental science • Stockpile stewardship • Security • Computing http://www.sc.doe.gov/np/brochure/index.shtml

28. What are the next medically viable radioisotopes required for enhanced and targeted treatment and functional diagnosis? Example: Targeted Alpha Therapy in vivo The radionuclide 149Tb decays to alpha particles 17 percent of the time and has a half-life of 4.1 hours, which is conveniently longer than some other alpha-emitting radionuclides. Low-energy alpha particles, such as in 149Tb decays, have been shown to be very efficient in killing cells, and their short range means that minimal damage is caused in the neighborhood of the target cells. -knife! First in vivo experiment to demonstrate the efficiency of alpha targeted therapy using 149Tb produced at ISOLDE, CERN G.-J. Beyer et al.Eur. J. Nucl. Med. and Molecular Imaging 33, 547 (2004)

29. Survival of mice… 100 149 5 MBq Tb, 5 µg MoAb 90 80 70 no MoAb 60 300 µg MoAb, cold % of survived mice 50 40 5 µg MoAb, cold 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Survival time, days 5*106 Monoclonal Antibody 2 days later the mice have been devided into 4 groups:

30. Some nuclei are more important than others - + - + - + tests of fundamental laws of nature nuclear structure + - + - 45Fe 149Tb astrophysics applications 18F,22Na 225Ra Over the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in techniques to produce and describe designer nuclei, rare atomic nuclei with characteristics adjusted to specific research needs and applications a prototypical nuclear physicist…

31. Outlook The study of atomic nuclei makes the connection between the fundamental building block of matter, complex systems, and the cosmos • Exciting • Interdisciplinary • Relevant Over the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in techniques to produce rare atomic nuclei with characteristics adjusted to specific research needs. Guided by unique data on short-lived nuclei, we are embarking on a comprehensive study of all nuclei based on the most accurate knowledge of nuclear interactions, the most reliable theoretical approaches, and the massive use of the computer power available at this moment in time. The prospects are excellent. Thank You

32. Backup

33. Testing the fundamental symmetries of nature Parity violation studies in francium 126 82 Weak interaction studies in N=Z nuclei EDM search in radium bb0n searches 50 protons 82 • Specific nuclei offer new opportunities for precision tests of: • CP and P violation • Unitarity of the CKM matrix • … 28 20 50 8 28 neutrons 2 20 How will we turn experimental signals into precise information on physics beyond the standard model? 8 2 neutron EDM

34. Rare Isotopes, Weak Force, and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics with new symmetry-breaking corrections: Superallowed Fermi 0+ →0+-decay studies Impressive experimental effort worldwide Kobayashi and Maskawa: … for "the discovery of the origin of broken symmetry, which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature." 0.9999(6) nuclear meson decay W. Satuła et al., PRL 106, 132502 (2011) Towner and Hardy 2010