Discover the complexities of Romanticism, Neoclassicism, and Realism in European and American art of the early 19th century, including key artists such as Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.
01 / 71Exploring Romanticism and Neoclassicism in Early 19th Century Art
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Exploring Romanticism and Neoclassicism in Early 19th Century Art
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Romanticism Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature. Stokstad notes that both Neoclasscism and Romanticism remained vital in early 19th century European and American art.
Romanticism The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, terror, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. In European painting, led by a new generation of the French school, the Romantic sensibility contrasted with the Neoclassicism being taught in the academies.
Romanticism The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience—so subject of a work of art would be something that produces strong emotion. Like an incubus sitting on one’s chest or a terrifying snowstorm or a shipwreck where the survivors eat each other or a massacre of women and children ... The sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities became a subject. What does this mean? It means the artist wants you to respond by thinking: “OMG! That is gorgeous and overwhelming in its size!” Or “OMG! That is just so beautiful I am speechless and gobsmacked!”
Jacques-Louis David • Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard • 1800-1801 • oil on canvas • What is written on the rocks in the lower left? • How did Napoleon actually cross the Alps? • What makes this image Neoclassical? • What makes this image suggestive of Romanticism? • How is the composition influenced by the Baroque? • How is the composition here profoundly different from the composition of The Oath of the Horatii(1784)?
Jacques-Louis David The Oath of the Horatii 1784 Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801
Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801 Paul DelarocheBonaparte Crossing the Alps1848 Was Napoleon Delaroche’s patron?
Orientalism and Ingres Orientalism is a term used to identify works of art made by European artists which depict Middle Eastern subjects. Orientalism is widely used in art to refer to the works of the many Western 19th century artists, who specialized in "Oriental" subjects, often drawing on their travels to Western Asia and/or the Middle East. Edward Said (Orientalism, 1978) argues that European artists tend to essentialize their Middle Eastern subjects. To essentialize means to present a subject or a culture as monolithic or one-dimensional. To essentialize means to represent something in terms of what are believed to be its “essential” elements. Usually this sort of representation reveals more about the maker of the image than about the actual subject.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres • Large Odalisque • oil on canvas • Why could we consider this work “mannerist?” • Why is this work exemplary of the style taught by the French Academy?
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres • Large Odalisque How are these two images similar? Jacques-Louis David Madame Récamier 1800
Mannerism can be understood—in part—as a response to the Late Renaissance’s emphasis on rationality and linear perspective. In your head you should be linking Mannerism to Ingres. Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresMonsieur Bertin 1832 BronzinoPortrait of a Young Man 1540
Can we make connections between Baroque and Romantic painting? • How is the composition similar? • How is the formal technique similar? (brushwork) • Is the content similar? • How do we characterize the similarities and the differences?
RomanticismUsually Romantic works have dramatic and intensely emotional subject matter but Romantic landscapes also often also meant to convey the artist’s almost religious reverence for the landscape—which became increasingly important as a industrial revolution intensified. Romantic landscape painting is dramatic • the content emphasizes turbulent or fantastic natural scenery • disasters • the sublime(something that inspires awe) naturalistic • the content represents tranquil nature • the content signals a religious reverence toward nature Romantic painting is characterized by • fluid, loose brushwork • strong colors • complex compositions • powerful contrasts of light and dark • expressive poses and gestures
Romantic and Realist Landscapes Question: What is the artist using the landscape to accomplish? How can the viewer tell? What visual evidence is there?
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