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Thoughts on ENERGY

Thoughts on ENERGY. John Kramlich Professor of Mechanical Engineering Phil Malte Professor of Mechanical Engineering. QUESTIONS to ANSWER. US Energy: Where are we now? Where are we going? How about the local scene?. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu). US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu).

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Thoughts on ENERGY

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  1. Thoughts on ENERGY John Kramlich Professor of Mechanical Engineering Phil Malte Professor of Mechanical Engineering

  2. QUESTIONS to ANSWER • US Energy: Where are we now? • Where are we going? • How about the local scene?

  3. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  4. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  5. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  6. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  7. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  8. Quads

  9. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  10. GASOLINE ENGINE EFFICIENCY Why? We ask a lot from a car

  11. Hybrid Gasoline-Electric

  12. Hybrid Advantages • Ideal: Engine runs near one RPM and torque (engines oversized) • Regenerative braking • Hard acceleration covered by battery • Avoids big losses of city driving • Since wind friction goes with speed squared, highway mileage often lower than city (35 mph best!)

  13. Fuel Cell Propulsion

  14. The Fuel Cell: An Externally-Fueled Battery

  15. Platinum for cell Expensive machining Expensive membrane Auto: 35$/kW Fuel cell: 300$/kW Must find ways to get cost down or may not compete Fuel Cell Issues

  16. Hydrogen Issues

  17. Hydrogen Issues • Make H2 in fuel plant? Natural gas to H2 leads to a significant loss in fuel value (recover only ~60% of original energy). • Store H2 on vehicle? Safety? Space? • Make H2 from gasoline? Carry a chemical plant on your car?

  18. “Well-to-Wheel” Efficiencies

  19. Running Out of Oil? • Record of Consumption and Production in USA • Resource • Cheap versus Expensive Oil

  20. Oil in the USA

  21. Resource (economically recoverable billions of barrels)

  22. Message • The supply of Cheap-to-Recover crude oil is limited – there is about a 40 years supply at the present consumption rate. • The world is becoming increasingly dependent on Middle Eastern crude oil. • There is a lot of Expensive-to-Recover oil – monetarily and environmentally expensive. • Should transportation move away from oil?

  23. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  24. Conventional Power Plant

  25. Simple Gas Turbine Fuel Generator Air Pump Hot Exhaust Burner Turbine

  26. Modern Combined Cycle Power Plant

  27. CO2 Cleanup?

  28. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  29. Natural Gas in USA

  30. Natural Gas for Electricity4% average yearly growth rate

  31. May be priced out of some markets

  32. US Energy in Quads (1.0E+15 Btu)

  33. Hydropower Hydropower

  34. Turbine/ Generator Set

  35. Some Engineering Energy = g[mass of water thru turbine] X [height of dam] • Low reservoirs reduce effective height • Reduced river flows cut mass available • 300 W projection-TV operated for one hour = one ton of water through Grand Coulee Dam.

  36. Washington Electric Power Capacities and Actual Use (1998)

  37. The Big Five

  38. What Next?

  39. Malte 3500 ft2 Gas furnace, hot water, range-top Balance electric PSE Kramlich 2000 ft2 All electric Heat pump furnace SCL A Tale of Two Houses

  40. Annual Energy Consumption

  41. Heat Pump • Heat is present in all air • But heat flows only from hot to cold • So heat in outside air won’t directly warm your house • Use electricity to “pump” heat from outside into your house • Better than just using electricity alone to get heat • Multiplies value of electricity

  42. Message • Larger house requires more energy. • Electricity gives more heat (per unit energy input) than gas if a heat pump is used. • But: Electricity costs more, which is a reflection of its greater utility.

  43. Solar PV? • Panel+BOS Costs = $750/kw-peak (grid-tied) • 12 kw System = $90,000 • Capacity Factor = 12% (20% in AZ) • Power generated = 12,600 kW-hr/year (Kramlich: 18,000-24,000, Malte: 11,000-15,000) • Simple Cost over 30 year life = 24¢/kW-hr • Arizona: 14¢/kW-hr

  44. Vansycle Project: Wallula

  45. Stateline Project, Wallula • 450 Turbines • 300 MW max • 70,000 homes

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